Non Communicable Disease And Antibiotics

Question 1

What are non communicable diseases?

Answer 1

• non infectious
• Not caused by pathogens
• Cannot be transferred from one person to another.
• E.g. Cancer, diabetes, inheritances

Question 2

Antibiotics definition

Answer 2

Chemicals that kill bacterial pathogens or stop their growth. They are only effective at trading bacterial infections.

Question 3

Why aren’t antibiotics effective against viral infections?

Answer 3

They can’t identify a cell with a virus.

Question 4

How can antibiotic resistance develop in pathogens?

Answer 4

• Antibiotics kill individual pathogens that are non resistant.
• Resistant pathogens survive and reproduce.
• The population of resistant pathogens increases.

Question 5

Definition of monoclonal antibodies

Answer 5

Antibodies produced by a single clone of cells, consisting of an endless supply of identical specific antibodies.

Question 6

How are MABs produced?

Answer 6

• Mice are stimulated to produce particular antibodies.
• Lymphocytes containing these are extracted from the mice, and combined with tumour cells to create hybridoma cells.
• These can divide to create an endless number of identical cells, producing a particular type of antibody. These are collected and purified.

Question 7

How can MABs be used?

Answer 7

• Pregnancy tests, to identify the hormone in urine that shows pregnancy.
• Block receptors of the surface of cancer cells, to stop them reproducing.
• Carry toxins to fight cancer cells.

Question 8

What is preclinical testing?

Answer 8

Testing on animals, to see whether the drug is safe enough to test on humans, and identify any serious side effects.

Question 9

What is clinical testing?

Answer 9

Where healthy volunteers are tested to see whether it is safe for human use and to find the optimum safe intake of the drug.

Question 10

What is a blind trial?

Answer 10

Where the volunteers are either given a placebo or the drug, they don’t know, the tester does.

Question 11

What is a double blind trial?

Answer 11

Both patient and tester don’t know whether they have been given a placebo or the drug.

Question 12

What is a placebo?

Answer 12

A drug that has no effect.

Question 13

What is the placebo effect?

Answer 13

Feeling good because you expect to after taking a drug, not because it has positive effects.

Question 14

Factors leading to non communicable diseases

Answer 14

• Smoking
• Lack of exercise
• Un balanced diet
• Exposure to carcinogens
• Exposure to radiation

Question 15

What is correlation?

Answer 15

A link between 2 things. If an outcome happens when a factor is present and doesn’t happen when the factor is absent, there is a correlation.

Question 16

What is a causal mechanism?

Answer 16

Explains how one factor influences another through a biological process. If a causal mechanism can be demonstrated there is a link between the two.

Question 17

Causes of cancer:

Answer 17

• Tar in cigarette smoke
• Genetic risk factors e.g. BRACA1/2 gene
• Ionising radiation, such as uv light and x rays.
• Chemicals such as asbestos.

Question 18

What is radiotherapy?

Answer 18

-When the cancer cells are destroyed by targeted doses of radiation that stops mitosis.

Question 19

Why does cancer occur

Answer 19

Cancer results from changes in the cell cycle. Instead of cells dividing normally on a regular basis, they divide out of control.

Question 20

What are tumours?

Answer 20

Areas of uncontrolled growth of cells.

Question 21

What are the two types of tumours?

Answer 21

-Benign tumours:
Growths of abnormal cells contained in one area. They can’t invade other parts of the body, but grow very large and very quickly. They can put pressure on vital organs.

-Malignants tumours:
Invade other healthy tissues and spread to other areas of the body through the blood, creating secondary tumours.

Question 22

How do vaccines work

Answer 22

• A dead inactive pathogen is injected into the patients bloodstream
• Specific lymphocytes recognises the specific antigens and: produces clones of itself snd produces antibodies.
• After the lymphocyte has destroyed the pathogen the antibodies are broken down, but the clone of the lymphocytes remains in the bloodstream as memory lymphocytes.