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Non-Communicable Disease Flashcards

1
Q
  • Chronic conditions that do not result from an (acute) infectious process and hence are “not communicable”
  • A disease that has a prolonged course, that does not resolve spontaneously, and for which a complete cure is rarely achieved.
A

NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASE

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2
Q

CHARACTERISTIC OF NCDs:

A
  • Complex etiology (causes)
  • Multiple risk factors
  • Long latency period
  • Non-contagious origin (noncommunicable)
  • Prolonged course of illness
  • Functional impairment or disability
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3
Q

TYPES OF NCDs:

A
  • Cardiovascular disease
  • Cancer
  • Chronic respiratory disease
  • Diabetes
  • Chronic neurologic disorders (Alzheimer’s, Dementias)
  • Arthritis/Musculoskeletal diseases
  • Unintentional injuries
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4
Q

“An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, an environmental exposure, or a hereditary characteristic that is associated with an increase in the occurrence of a particular disease, injury or other health condition”

A

RISK FACTOR:

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5
Q

A behavioral risk factor that can be reduced or controlled by intervention, thereby reducing the probability of disease

A

MODIFIABLE RISK FACTOR:

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6
Q

MODIFIABLE RISK FACTOR:

A

Physical inactivity
Tobacco use
Alcohol use
Unhealthy diet

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7
Q

A risk factor that cannot be reduced or controlled by intervention:

A

NON-MODIFIABLE RISK FACTOR:

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8
Q

NON-MODIFIABLE RISK FACTOR

A
  • Age
  • Gender
  • Race
  • Family History
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9
Q

biochemical processes involved in the body’s normal functioning

A

METABOLIC RISK FACTORS:

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10
Q

METABOLIC RISK FACTORS:

A

Raised blood pressure
Raised total cholesterol
Elevated glucose
Overweight and obesity

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11
Q

caused by narrowed, blocked or stiffened blood vessels that prevent your heart, brain or other parts of your body from receiving enough blood.

A

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE

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12
Q

Disease of the blood vessels supplying the heart muscle

A

CORONARY HEART DISEASE

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13
Q

Disease of the blood vessels supplying the brain

A

CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE (STROKE)

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14
Q

Disease of the blood vessels supplying the arms and legs

A

PERIPHERAL ARTERIAL DISEASE

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15
Q

Malformations of the heart structure existing at birth

A

CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE

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16
Q

When too many cholesterol particles get into the blood, cholesterol may accumulate on the artery walls.

A

Atherosclerosis

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17
Q

GLOBAL BURDEN OF CARDIOVASCULAR DSE

A

✓ #1 cause of death globally
✓ 2 of the 3 leading causes of death in the US
✓ Mortality Rate:
o Increases with age
o Men>women
o Blacks > Whites
✓ Over 80% CVD deaths occur in low to middle income countries
✓ By 2030, almost 25M people will die of CVDs.

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18
Q

Major modifiable risk factors for CVD

A
  • High blood pressure
  • Abnormal blood lipids
  • Tobacco use
  • Physical inactivity
  • Obesity
  • Unhealthy diet (salt)
  • Diabetes
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19
Q

Other modifiable risk factors for CVD

_______________________________

A
  • Low socioeconomic status
  • Mental health
  • Phychosocial stress
  • Heavy Alcohol use
  • Use of certain medication
  • Lipoprotein
    _______________________________________
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20
Q

Novel risk factors for CVD

A
  • Excess homocysteine in blood
  • Inflammatory markers
  • Abnormal blood coagulation
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21
Q

A chronic disease that arises when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin, or when the body cannot effectively use the insulin it produces.

A

DIABETES

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22
Q

a hormone made by the pancreas that helps cells to take in glucose (sugar) from the blood and use it for energy

A

INSULIN

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23
Q

raised glucose levels in the blood

A

hyperglycemia

24
Q

4 TYPES OF DIABETES

A
  • Pre-diabetes (Impaired Glucose Tolerance)
  • Type I – Insulin-Dependent
  • Type II- Non-insulin Dependent
  • Gestational
25
A type of diabetes caused by modifiable risk factors and is the most common worldwide
TYPE II
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NORMAL GLUCOSE LEVEL
A1C TEST - Below 5.7% FBS - 99 mg/dL or below GTT - 140 mg/dL or below
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PREDIABETES
A1C TEST - 5.7% - 6.4% FBS - 100-125 mg/dL GTT - 140-199 mg/dL
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DIABETES
A1C TEST - 6.5% or above FBS - 126 mg/dL or above GTT -200 mg/dL or above
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GLOBAL BURDEN OF DIABETES MELLITUS
✓ 347M people worldwide have DM • WHO projects that diabetes deaths will increase by two thirds between 2008 and 2030. • Healthy diet, regular physical activity, maintaining a normal body weight and avoiding tobacco use can prevent or delay the onset of type II diabetes.
30
Major modifiable risk factors for Diabetes
- ↓socioeconomic status - Phychosocial stress - Heavy Alcohol use - High consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages - low consumption of fiber
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Non-modifiable risk factors for Diabetes
- Increased age - Family hx/genetics - Race - Distribution of fat
32
Other risk factors for DM
- Low birth weight | - Presence of autobodies
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“Rapid creation of abnormal cells that grow beyond their usual boundaries, and which can then invade adjoining parts of the body and spread to other organs.”
CANCER
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3 Categories of external carcinogens:
Physical carcinogens Chemical carcinogens Biological carcinogens
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UV, ionizing radiation
Physical carcinogens
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asbestos, components of tobacco smoke, food,etc
Chemical carcinogens
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infection from a virus, bacteria or parasite
Biological carcinogens
38
GLOBAL BURDEN OF CANCER
* 7.6 people died from cancer in 2008. * 70% of all cancer deaths occur in low and middle income countries * Deaths from cancer are estimated to reach 13.1 M by 2030 * About 30% of cancers are attributable to behavior risk factor (high body mass index, low fruit and vegetable intake, lack of physical activity, tobacco use, alcohol use)
39
* Cancer that forms in tissues of the lung, usually in the cell lining air passages * Leading cause of cancer death globally, 1.37 M deaths in 2008 * Affects more men > women * #1 cause of cancer mortality
LUNG CANCER
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2 main types of Lung Cancer
* Small cell lung CA | * Non-small cell lung CA
41
RISK FACTORS FOR LUNG CANCER
▪ Smoking cigarettes, pipes or cigar: now or in the past ▪ Being exposed to second-hand smoke ▪ Being treated with radiation therapy to the breast or chest ▪ Being exposed to asbestos, radon, chromium, nickel, arsenic or tar ▪ Living where there is pollution
42
* Cancer that forms in the tissues of the breast, usually in ducts or lobules * Leading cause of cancer death in women – 15% * 1 of 8 women will be diagnosed with breast CA in her lifetime
BREAST CANCER
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help detect early onset of breast cancer
Breast examination
44
breast tissue density is checked for tumors; for confirmation of breast CA
Mammogram
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RISK FACTOR FOR BREAST CANCER
``` ▪ Hormone therapies ▪ Weight and physical activity ▪ Race ▪ Genetics or family history o BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes ▪ Age – most reliable risk factor ```
46
Cancer of the female reproductive system: • Two cell types present (squamous and glandular) • Tend to occur where the two cell types meet • 99% of cases linked to genital infection with HPV
CERVICAL CANCER
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RISK FACTOR FOR CERVICAL CANCER
``` ▪ Human papilloma virus infection ▪ Smoking ▪ Immune deficiencies ▪ Poverty ▪ No access to PAP screening ▪ Family history of cervical cancer ```
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* 2nd most common cancer among men | * The cancer develops inside of the prostate gland
PROSTATE CANCER
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RISK FACTORS FOR PROSTATE CANCER
* Age * Race * Obesity * Weight gain
50
* 3rd most common type of cancer * Forms in the lower part of the digestive system * begin as small clumps of cells called polyps
COLORECTAL CANCER
51
RISK FACTORS COLORECTAL CANCER
``` ▪ Aging ▪ Black race ▪ Unhealthy diet and low exercise ▪ Diabetes ▪ Family hx of colorectal CA ```
52
includes so many different types of respiratory disorders, and the underdiagnoses rate is so high, an estimate of the number affected cannot be produced
CHRONIC RESPIRATORY DISEASES
53
- term that includes diseases characterized by a persistent blockage of airflow from the lungs. - Term used for lung diseases that prevent proper lung airflow
CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DSE
54
GLOBAL BURDEN OF COPD:
* Accurate epidemiologic data on COPD prevalence, morbidity and mortality are difficult and expensive to collect * 65 million people worldwide have moderate-severe COPD
55
a common chronic respiratory disease. It is characterized by chronic breathlessness and wheezing, where an individual struggles to intake air and the airways become restricted • 235 million people affected • #1 chronic disease among children
ASTHMA
56
Treatment for Asthma
✓ medications that help open airways during an attack and help reduce inflammation ✓ Avoid risk factors which may trigger an attack, such as mold, pollen, pet dander, smoke, or other air pollutants.

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