DIET AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY

Question 1

• An energy imbalance between calories consumed and calories expended.
• A complex condition influenced by genes as well as by many individual and social factors

Answer 1

OBESITY

Question 2

Contributors to Obesity

Answer 2

• Increased intake of energy-dense foods that are high in fat; and
• Increase in physical inactivity due to the increasingly sedentary nature of many forms of work,
changing modes of transportation, and increasing urbanization.

Question 3

How many adults were overweight in 2016

Answer 3

1.9 billion adults (39%)

Question 4

How many were obese?

Answer 4

650 million (13%)

Question 5

Overweight Children under 5

Answer 5

41 million

Question 6

Overweight or Obese Adolescents

Answer 6

340 million

Question 7

BURDEN OF DISEASE

Answer 7

• Proportion of overweight children under the age of five has been slowly increasing over the past
decades, rising from 1.1% in 1989 to 3.9% in 2015
• Percent with above-normal BMI by region

Question 8

Dividing a person’s weight by kilograms by the square

of his or her height in meters

Answer 8

Body Mass Index (BMI)

Question 9

• Measures fat distribution
• Distribution of fat makes a difference
• Apple-shaped vs. pear shaped
• > 1.0 – men, >0.8 – women leads to increased risks

Answer 9

Waist-to-hip ratio

Question 10

What are the health consequences of obesity during childhood?

Answer 10

• Abdominal adiposity or central obesity,
• Hypertension
• Hypertriglyceridemia
• Low level of high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL)
• Hyperglycemia.

Question 11

HEALTH RISK NOW

Answer 11

• High blood pressure and high cholesterol, which are risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD).
• In one study, 70% of obese children had at least one CVD risk factor, and 39% had two or more
• Increased risk of impaired glucose tolerance, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes.
• Breathing problems, such as sleep apnea, and asthma.
• Joint problems and musculoskeletal discomfort.
• Fatty liver disease, gallstones, and gastro-esophageal reflux
• Psychological stress such as depression, behavioral problems, and issues in school
• Low self-esteem and low self-reported quality of life
• Impaired social, physical, and emotional functioning

Question 12

HEALTH RISKS LATER

Answer 12

• Obese children are more likely to become obese adults.
• Adult obesity is associated with a number of serious health conditions including heart disease, diabetes,
and some cancers.
• If children are overweight, obesity in adulthood is likely to be more severe.

Question 13

Food and Drinks High in FAT, SUGAR, & SALT

Answer 13

1-2 times a week

Question 14

Fats, spreads, and oils

Answer 14

In very small amounts

Question 15

Meat, poultry, fish, eggs, beans, and nuts

Answer 15

2 servings a day

Question 16

Milk, yogurt, cheese

Answer 16

3 servings a day

Question 17

Wholemeal cereals and bread, potatoes, pasta, and rice

Answer 17

3-5 servings a day

Question 18

Vegetables, salad, and fruit

Answer 18

5-7 servings a day

Question 19

Promoting Healthy Eating

Answer 19

• Changing Eating habits and dietary preference
• Adherence to diet
• Improve access to nutritious food
• Food labelling
• Enhancing self-efficacy and providing psychosocial support
• Regulation of advertisement

Question 20

Physical Activity

Answer 20

• Protects against cardiovascular disease
• Frammingham study (1970) – risk from dying from cardiovascular disease was highest among those least
physically active, more activity is associated with lower risk
• Physical activity leads to increase in high-density lipoprotein (HDL)
• Lowering of blood pressure
• Reduces risk of diabetes
• Protects against cancer (colon and breast)

Question 21

Exercise

Answer 21

• Amount of benefit increases with the intensity,
frequency, and duration of the physical activity
• Socioeconomic considerations:
• Less education and lower incomes are more
likely to be inactive than those of higher
socioeconomic status
• Older adults ten to be more inactive than
younger ones
• Metabolic Equivalents (METs) are commonly
used to express the intensity of physical
activities.

Question 22

5-17 y/o

Recommendations:

Answer 22

• Children and youth aged 5-17 should accumulate at least 60 minutes of moderate - to vigorousintensity
physical activity daily.
• Amounts of physical activity greater than 60 minutes provide additional health benefits.
• Most of the daily physical activity should be aerobic. Vigorous-intensity activities should be
incorporated, including those that strengthen muscle and bone, at least 3 times per week.

Question 23

18-64 y/o

Recommendations:

Answer 23

• At least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic physical activity throughout the week or do at
least 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity aerobic physical activity throughout the week or an equivalent
combination of moderate - and vigorous-intensity activity.
• Aerobic activity should be performed in bouts of at least 10 minutes duration.
• Muscle-strengthening activities should be done involving major muscle groups on 2 or more days a
week.

Question 24

65 above

Recommendations:

Answer 24

• Do at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic physical activity throughout the week or do at
least 75 minutes of vigorous- intensity aerobic physical activity throughout the week or an equivalent
combination of moderate- and vigorous-intensity activity.
• Aerobic activity should be performed in bouts of at least 10 minutes duration.
• Older adults, with poor mobility, should perform physical activity to enhance balance and prevent falls
on 3 or more days per week.
• Muscle-strengthening activities, involving major muscle groups, should be done on 2 or more days a
week.
• • When older adults cannot do the recommended amounts of physical activity due to health conditions,
they should be as physically active as their abilities and conditions allow.