Non-communicable Disease

Question 1

What is plasma?

Answer 1

A liquid that takes nutrients, hormones and proteins to parts of the body

Question 2

What are platelets?

Answer 2

Fragments of cells which trigger blood clotting

Question 3

What are the functions of white blood cells?

Answer 3

~ they protect the body against infection
~ they change shape to take in unwanted microorganisms
~ do have a nucleus

Question 4

Function of red blood cells?

Answer 4

> contains haemoglobin which transports oxygen for respiration
~ don’t have a nucleus (more room for haemoglobin)
~small so can fit through capillaries
~ have a large surface area for oxygen to diffuse across

Question 5

What does the aorta do?

Answer 5

Carries OXYGENATED blood AWAY from heart and around the body

Question 6

What does the pulmonary artery do?

Answer 6

Carries DEOXYGENATED blood away from heart to the lungs

Question 7

What does the pulmonary vein do?

Answer 7

Carries OXYGENATED blood from the lungs to the heart

Question 8

What does the vena cava do?

Answer 8

Two large veins that carry DEOXYGENATED blood from the body to the heart

Question 9

Definition of a tumour?

Answer 9

An abnormal mass of tissue that forms when cells grow and divide more than they should or do not die when they should

Question 10

What is a benign tumour?

Answer 10

One that stays in one place and is not cancerous. They are not normally dangerous

Question 11

What is a malignant tumour?

Answer 11

One that grows and spreads to neighbouring healthy tissues
The cells can travel in the bloodstream
Cancerous
Dangerous

Question 12

What is a non-communicable disease?

Answer 12

One that cannot spread between people

Question 13

How is smoking a risk factor?

Answer 13

It damages the walls of arteries and cells in the lining of lungs
Risk factor for lung disease, lung cancer

Question 14

How is obesity a risk factor?

Answer 14

It makes the body less sensitive to insulin meaning glucose levels cannot be controlled, fatty material can also build up in arteries

Question 15

What are statins?

Answer 15

Drugs that can reduce the amount of ‘bad’ cholesterol in bloodstream
Can also increase amount of beneficial cholesterol in blood
Reduces chances of strokes, heart attacks, coronary heart disease
Too much bad cholesterol can cause fatty deposits to form inside arteries

Question 16

What are stents?

Answer 16

Tubes inserted inside arteries when fatty layers have built up causing the arteries to narrow
They ensure blood can pass through to the heart
Lowers the risk of heart attack in people with coronary heart disease
Effective for a long time but risks of complications during procedure

Question 17

Faulty valves:

Answer 17

Valves in ❤️ can be damaged or weakened by heart attacks, infection or old age
Valves may stiffen (won’t open properly) or may become leaky (allowing blood to flow in both directions)
Replacement valves can be taken from humans or mammals or can be man-made

Question 18

How does an artificial heart work?

Answer 18

It mechanical device that pumps blood for a person whose heart has failed. It is usually only a temporary fix whilst waiting for a donor heart.

Question 19

PRO of an artificial heart

Answer 19

Less likely to be rejected than donor heart because it’s made from metals so body doesn’t recognise them as foreign

Question 20

CONS of artificial heart

Answer 20

Parts of the heart could wear out and blood doesn’t flow through as smoothly causing blood clots

Question 21

What is artificial blood?

Answer 21

A blood substitute used to replace lost volume of blood so the body can still pump around the red blood cells if the volume of blood can be replaced e.g. saline can be used