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Biology > Inheitance, Variation And Evolution > Flashcards

Inheitance, Variation And Evolution Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

DNA

A

genetic material in the nucleus of a cell. Has a double helix structure

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2
Q

A gene

A

A small section of DNA that codes for a particular sequence of amino acids to form a specific protein

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3
Q

A genome

A

The entire set of DNA in an organism

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4
Q

Human genome project

A

Aims to determine the DNA sequence of the entire human genome and record every gene in human beings

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5
Q

Female sex chromosomes

A

XX

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6
Q

Male sex chromosomes

A

XY

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7
Q

Gamete

A

Sex cells

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8
Q

Chromosome

A

Thread-like structures of DNA that carry genetic information in form of genes. Located in the nucleus

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9
Q

Alleles

A

Different versions of a particular gene

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10
Q

Dominant allele

A

An allele that is always expressed, even if only one copy is present

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11
Q

Recessive allele

A

An allele that is only expressed if 2 copies are present

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12
Q

Homozygous

A

When 2 alleles of a gene are the same

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13
Q

Heterozygous

A

When 2 alleles of a gene are different

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14
Q

Genotype

A

Combination of alleles that control each characteristic

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15
Q

Phenotype

A

Observable characteristics of an organism e.g. eye colour, hair colour, height, weight

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16
Q

Monohybrid inheritance

A

Characteristics that are controlled by a single gene which contains two alleles, one allele is inherited from the mother and the other from the father

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17
Q

Four bases of DNA structure

A

Adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine

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18
Q

Complementary base pairing

A

Adenine + thymine, cytosine + guanine

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19
Q

In vitro fertilisation (IVF)

A

a process of fertilisation where an egg is combined with sperm in a test tube and then the embryos are inserted back into the mother’s uterus.

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20
Q

How does IVF reduce the chances of inherited diseases?

A

The cells from the embryo can be tested for a genetic disorder before being placed in the mother’s uterus. Therefore you would not implant the affected embryos.

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21
Q

Embryonic screening procedure

A

When a cell gets taken from the embryo and it’s genes get analysed.

22
Q

Pros of embryonic screening

A

Can avoid suffering for the future child, treating inherited disorders cost the government a lot of money, there are laws in place to stop embryonic screening being abused

23
Q

Cons of embryonic screening

A

Could imply that people with genetic disorders are ‘undesirable’ which isn’t fair or true, very expensive meaning it isn’t available for everyone, could be abused in the future and used to make a parents dream offspring with chosen characteristics.

24
Q

Variation

A

Differences in features between individuals of the same species

25
Q

The factors for variation:

A

Genetic factors (the different genes they have inherited)
Environmental factors (different environments that they live in)
A combination of both genetic and environmental

26
Q

Examples of variation caused by genetics

A

Eye colour, gender, fingerprints

27
Q

Examples of variation caused by the environment

A

Voice + accents, hair length

28
Q

Examples of variation caused by both environment and genetics

A

Skin colour, hair colour, height

29
Q

What causes genetic variations?

A

Mutations

30
Q

What is a mutation?

A

A rare random change in an organism’s DNA that can be inherited

31
Q

What does speciation mean?

A

When the phenotype of organisms change so much over time due to natural selection that a completely new species is formed

32
Q

What is genetic engineering?

A

Changing the genome of an organism by introducing a gene from another organism to give a desired characteristic

33
Q

What is the organism receiving genetic material called in genetic engineering?

A

Genetically modified organisms

34
Q

What is the DNA of genetically modified organisms known as?

A

Recombinant DNA

35
Q

What is the enzyme called that cuts the DNA fragment called in genetic engineering?

A

Restriction enzyme

36
Q

What is the enzyme called that sticks DNA fragments to the DNA called in genetic engineering?

A

DNA ligase

37
Q

Reasons for extinction

A
  • environment changes too quickly
  • new predator kills them all
  • a new disease kills them all
  • they can’t compete with another species for food
  • catastrophic event happens that kills them all
38
Q

What is selective breeding?

A

Human’s artificially select the plants or animals that they are going to breed so that the genes for particular characteristics remain in the population

39
Q

Selective breeding method:

A

1) select individuals with desirable characteristics and breed them together
2) choose the offspring with the desirable characteristics and breed them together until all offspring have desirable characteristics

40
Q

Main problems of selective breeding:

A
  • reduces gene pool (number of different alleles in a population)
  • inbreeding (farmed keeps breeding from the best - which are closely related) -> leads to health problems as there is more chance of inheriting harmful genetic defects
41
Q

Cons of genetic engineering

A
  • some say growing GM crops will affect number of wild flowers - reducing biodiversity
  • transplanted genes may get into natural environment
  • may not be safe long term on human health
42
Q

Pros of genetic engineering:

A
  • can increase yield of crops
  • increase nutritional value
  • already being grown in some places without any problems
43
Q

What are fossils?

A

Remains of organisms from many thousands of years ago, which are formed in rocks

44
Q

What do fossils provide evidence of for scientists?

A

That organisms lived ages ago and tell us a lot about how much or how little organisms have evolved over time

45
Q

Why are there gaps in fossil records?

A
  • many early life forms were soft-bodied meaning they decay fully
  • fossils have been destroyed by geological activity
46
Q

3 ways fossils form:

A
  • gradual replacement by minerals
  • forms casts + impressions
  • from preservation in places where no decay happens e.g. it’s too cold in glaciers,
47
Q

What is MRSA?

A

a very serious bacterial strain that is resistant to most antibiotics

48
Q

How should antibiotics be used to prevent antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria developing?

A
  • doctors should not prescribe inappropriately
  • patients should complete their course to prevent any bacteria surging and causing resistant strains
  • restriction of agriculture use of antibiotics
49
Q

Why was the three-domain system of classification introduced?

A

Due to improvement of microscopes and understanding of biochemical processes

50
Q

Three categories in the three-domain system:

A

Archaea (bacteria in extreme conditions)
Bacteria (true bacteria)
Eukaryota (Protista, fungi, plants and animals)

51
Q

Why is the binomial system used to classify organisms?

A

It is worldwide meaning scientists in all countries and languages refer to a particular species by the same name - avoids confusion

52
Q

What do evolutionary trees show?

A
  • how closely scientists think species are related to each other

Biology (10 decks)

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