Non-classical endocrine glands and endocrine disruptors (L9)

Question 1

Hormones released by the kidney

Answer 1

Renin, erythropoietin, vitamin D

Question 2

Hormones released by the heart

Answer 2

ANP, BNP

Question 3

Hormones released by the liver

Answer 3

IGF-1

Question 4

Endocrine structures in the GI tract

Answer 4

Stomach, small intestine

Question 5

Cells that also produce hormones

Answer 5

Macrophages, lymphocytes, platelets

Question 6

What is renin?

Answer 6

Glycoprotein released in the juxtaglomerular apparatus of the afferent arterioles

Question 7

Function of renin

Answer 7

Cleaves angiotensin to AT-I; important regulator of arteriolar diameter

Question 8

What is erythropoietin?

Answer 8

A 34 kDa protein that is made in the kidney and acts as a tyrosine-linked kinase receptor

Question 9

What does EPO do?

Answer 9

Stimulates proerythroblasts and differentiation of red blood cells

Question 10

Regulation of EPO

Answer 10

Anemia, thyroid hormone, hypoxia, NE, androgens (stimulate), estrogens (inhibit)

Question 11

Major side effect of raising hematocrit too quickly

Answer 11

Hypertension, which could lead to encephaly and seizures

Question 12

Where is ANP released?

Answer 12

In the atria of the heart

Question 13

Where is BNP released?

Answer 13

From the ventricles of the heart

Question 14

What do both ANP and BNP do?

Answer 14

Increase natriuresis, increase vasodilation

Question 15

How do ANP and BNP affect vessel tone?

Answer 15

1. Decreased smooth muscle tone
2. Decreased peripheral vascular resistance
3. Increased capillary permeability

Question 16

End goal in ANP/BNP

Answer 16

Increase hematocrit

Question 17

Is ANP or BNP measured more clinically, and why?

Answer 17

BNP; has a longer half life, making it easier to measure

Question 18

Differences in basal BNP levels

Answer 18

Higher in women, higher with age, lower with obesity

Question 19

Downstream messengers of ANP/BNP

Answer 19

Bind to GPCRs and increase cGMP levels

Question 20

Polychlorinated biphenyl

Answer 20

Competes with thyroid hormone for binding its transport proteins in the blood, causing compensatory decrease in thyroid hormone production

Question 21

Diethylstilbestrol

Answer 21

Non-steroidal synthetic estrogen used in cattle feed and given to pregnant women from 1940-1970

Question 22

What is diethystilbestrol used for now?

Answer 22

Prostate cancer treatment

Question 23

Bisphenol A was first produced when, and then discovered to be estrogenic in what year?

Answer 23

1891, 1936

Question 24

In what products is BPA used?

Answer 24

Food packaging, toys, lining of canned food and beverages

Question 25

What percentage of Americans have detectable BPA in their urine?

Answer 25

93%

Question 26

Physiologic consequences of BPA (5)

Answer 26

Estrogenic, diabetogenic and obesogenic, neurologic disruptions, antagonist for THR, CVD (arrhythmias and atherosclerosis)

Question 27

When did first studies show that BPA was toxic?

Answer 27

In the 1990's

Question 28

What happened with BPA in 2008 (finally)?

Answer 28

Many major retailers finally pull BPA products from the shelves, no longer used in baby products

Question 29

BPA substitutes

Answer 29

BPS and BPF - still have same endocrine effects as BPA