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Endocrine > Basics continued (L2) > Flashcards

Basics continued (L2) Flashcards

1
Q

Chemical categories of hormones

A

Monamines, proteins/peptides, and steroids

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2
Q

What are the subsets of monoamines?

A

Catecholamines and indolamines

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3
Q

Half life of monoamines

A

1-2 minutes

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4
Q

Action and method of travel of monoamines

A

Bind membrane receptors; travel freely in blood

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5
Q

From what are catecholamines derived?

A

Tyrosine

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6
Q

Rate limiting step of catecholamine formation

A

Tyrosine hydroxylase

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7
Q

What is special about catecholamines?

A

They act as both hormones and neurotransmitters

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8
Q

First product of tyrosine hydroxylase

A

L-DOPA

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9
Q

Endocrine action of dopamine

A

Tonic inhibitor of prolactin in the anterior pituitary

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10
Q

From where do dopaminergic neurons arise?

A

In the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (TIDA neurons)

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11
Q

Where is dopamine released?

A

In the hypophyseal capillary bed

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12
Q

Norepinephrine requires what type of stimulation?

A

Sympathetic

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13
Q

What enzyme catalyzes the formation of norepinephrine?

A

Dopamine beta-hydroxylase

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14
Q

Through what types of receptors does NE act?

A

Both alpha and beta-adrenergic receptors

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15
Q

What innervates the adrenal glands, and what is formed there?

A

Splanchnic nerve, epinephrine

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16
Q

Chromaffin cells

A

In the adrenal medulla; homologous to postsympathetic neurons and release hormones into the blood

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17
Q

From what are indoleamines derived?

A

Tryptophan

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18
Q

Rate-limiting enzyme of indoleamine formation

A

Tryptophan hydroxylase

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19
Q

What type of hormone is serotonin?

A

Indoleamine

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20
Q

How much of serotonin is involved in the GI system?

A

95%

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21
Q

What is the primary function of serotonin in the GI system?

A

Causes vasoconstriction and stimulates smooth muscle contraction

22
Q

SSRIs

A

Increase the amount of serotonin in the synaptic cleft to treat depression and other mental disorders

23
Q

What are the considerations when using SSRIs?

A

Depression is not well-understood physiologically
May downregulate amount of serotonin produced by negative feedback
May cause insensitivity to the serotonin receptors

24
Q

What happens in the pineal gland?

A

Serotonin is converted to melatonin

25
Q

Dopa decarboxylase

A

Decarboxylation reaction from L-dopa to dopamine

26
Q

Inhibitor of DDC

A

Carbidopa and benzerazide

27
Q

Catecholamine O-methyltransferase

A

(COMT:) Inactivates and degrades catecholamines

28
Q

COMT inhibitor

A

Entacapone

29
Q

Monoamine oxidase

A

Catalyzes deamination of monoamines, resulting in ammonia and aldehyde

30
Q

MAO inhibitors

A

Increase the amount of dopamine, used to treat depression and other mood disorders

31
Q

Rate-limiting enzyme in melatonin formation

A

N-acetyltransferase

32
Q

Negative effects of melatonin

A

Potent inhibitor of reproduction: reduces spermatogenesis and testis size in males

33
Q

How is the pineal gland activated? Explain the steps.

A

Light enters the brain, information travels through the suprachiasmatic nucleus and through the retinohypothalamic tract

34
Q

Half-life of peptides and proteins

A

2-120 minutes; longer if bound to a transport protein

35
Q

A large proportion of peptide and protein hormones are from the __

A

Hypothalamus and pituitary

36
Q

Biosynthetic processing of peptide hormones

A

Released as preprohormones, signal peptide is cleaved off to give a prohormone, and then copeptides are cleaved to leave the active peptide

37
Q

Half life of steroid hormones

A

Several minutes to several hours

38
Q

Steroids are manufactured from what?

A

Common precursor, pregnenolone

39
Q

Steroidogenic acute regulatory protein

A

(StAR protein) Transfers the cholesterol from the outer to the inner mitochondrial membrane so it can be further processed

40
Q

Cytochrome P450 side chain cleavage enzyme

A

Also known as desmolase. Cleaves the side chain from cholesterol in the inner mitochondrial membrane to form pregnenolone

41
Q

Primary endocrine disease

A

Defect at the peripheral organ

42
Q

Secondary endocrine disease

A

Problem is at the pituitary

43
Q

Tertiary endocrine disease

A

Problem is at the hypothalamus

44
Q

Long loop feedback

A

Peripheral gland hormone inhibition of the pituitary or the hypothalamus

45
Q

Short-loop feedback

A

Inhibition of the pituitary on the hypothalamus

46
Q

Physiologic response-driven negative feedback

A

There is no feedback from a specific hormone, it’s just a physiologic change that alters expression of hormones

47
Q

Primary disease with TRH stimulation test

A

High basal levels of TSH that spike after TRH stimulation

48
Q

Secondary disease with TRH stimulation test

A

Flat line that does not change with TRH injection

49
Q

Tertiary disease with TRH stimulation test

A

TSH levels appear normal throughout test, but may have delayed return to baseline

50
Q

What causes variation in hormone levels? (5)

A 
Age
Time of day
Body weight
Sex
Diet
51
Q

Variations in BNP

A

Higher in older people, obese people, women

Used to detect CHF or renal failure

Endocrine (11 decks)

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