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Endocrine > Basics (L1) > Flashcards

Basics (L1) Flashcards

1
Q

Three features of classical endocrine glands

A

Ductless
Secrete directly into the bloodstream/extracellular space
Entire organ is dedicated to endocrine function

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2
Q

Non-classical endocrine organs (6)

A 
Brain
Kidney
GI
Adipose
Heart
Liver
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3
Q

Hormones released by the kidney

A

EPO, vitamin D, renin

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4
Q

Hormones released by the GI system

A

Ghrelin, serotonin

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5
Q

Possible symptoms of endocrine dysfunction

A 
Weight/appetite changes
Fatigue
Hair loss/Hirsutism
Cognitive changes (memory loss, confusion)
Dizziness
Moodiness
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6
Q

Free vs. bound hormone

A

A hormone is often carried on a carrier protein to increase half life. However, only free hormones are biologically active

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7
Q

Which hormones are the ones that typically need a carrier protein?

A

Lipophilic steroid hormones

IGF-1, GH, and T3/T4

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8
Q

What types of compounds usually circulate freely?

A

Proteins/peptides and amines

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9
Q

SHBG

A

Sex hormone binding globulin

Binds estrogens and testosterone

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10
Q

CBG

A

Corticotropin binding globulin

Binds cortisol/corticosterone

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11
Q

TBG/TTR

A

Thyroid binding globulin, transthyretin

Both carry/bind thyroid hormone

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12
Q

Non-specific hormone carrier

A

Albumin - can bind most lipophilic compounds

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13
Q

Two different methods of steroid delivery at target cell

A
  1. Released at membrane, diffuses in
  2. Protein complex binds to megalin, endocytic vesicle is formed, and then the hormone dissociates and is released from the vesicle
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14
Q

How are cell surface receptors inactivated?

A

Internalization of the receptor or release of the ligand

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15
Q

How are internal cell receptors inactivated?

A

Ubiquitination

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16
Q

Measurement of affinity

A

Kd: Ligand concentration that takes up 50% of the receptors

17
Q

What is the relationship between Kd and affinity?

A

Smaller number means higher affinity

18
Q

Measurement of specificity

A

Ki: ability to displace ligand at 50% of maximum activity

19
Q

What is the relationship between Ki and specificity?

A

The smaller the number, the greater the specificity

20
Q

Lipophobic receptors

A

Bind to cell surface
Coupled to second messenger pathways
Rapid internalization or degradation

21
Q

G-protein coupled receptors are used often with __

A

most protein hormones

22
Q

Receptor-linked kinases are used often with __

A

growth hormone, prolactin, and EPO

23
Q

Receptor kinases are used often with __

A

insulin, ANP

24
Q

Lipophilic receptors

A

Mainly bind to intracellular receptors that cause SLOW responses (up/downregulation of transcription)

25
Q

To what are lipophilic receptors bound in the cytoplasm?

A

Large chaperone proteins that serve as heat-shock proteins

26
Q

Describe the thyroid hormone receptor

A

Thyroid hormones bind to the receptors in the nucleus
When they are NOT bound, NO transcription takes place
Transcription is activated by thyroid hormone presence

27
Q

What happens to the chaperone proteins when the hormones bind?

A

They dissociate

28
Q

What is special about the thyroid hormones?

A

They belong to the steroid superfamily, though they are not actually steroids

29
Q

Four factors affecting hormone bioavailability

A

Hormone transport, target tissues, hormone sythesis/release, and regulatory mechanisms

30
Q

Hormone transport’s effect on hormone bioavailability

A
  • If the hormone is bound or free

- Half-life

31
Q

Target tissue’s effect on hormone bioavailability

A

Desensitization, up/downregulation, mutation of receptors

Chaperone/heat shock proteins present

32
Q

Regulatory mechanisms’ effects on hormone bioavailability

A

Feedback, circadian rhythms, age, pulsatility, and metabolism

Endocrine (11 decks)

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