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Endocrine > Hypothalamic-pituitary relationship (L3) > Flashcards

Hypothalamic-pituitary relationship (L3) Flashcards

1
Q

Relative anatomical location of the hypothalamus

A

Between the lamina terminalis and the mammillary bodies

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2
Q

Median eminence

A

Forms a base at the base of the third ventricle; convergence point for hypothalamic hormone release to the pituitary

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3
Q

What regulates sleep?

A

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

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4
Q

What regulates feeding behavior/satiety?

A

Arcuate nucleus

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5
Q

What regulates thirst?

A

Paraventricular nucleus

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6
Q

What regulates reproduction?

A

Preoptic nucleus

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7
Q

What regulates circadian rhythms?

A

The suprachiasmatic nucleus

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8
Q

What regulates mood/stress?

A

Paraventricular and arcuate nuclei

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9
Q

What regulates body temperature?

A

Preoptic nucleus

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10
Q

What regulates blood pressure?

A

Paraventricular nucleus

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11
Q

Location for cell bodies for gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)

A

Scattered throughout brain, but mostly concentrated in the preoptic nucleus

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12
Q

How many GnRH neurons do humans have?

A

Only 1500-2000, which is relatively few

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13
Q

How are downstream effects mediated by GnRH?

A

Through GPCRs

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14
Q

How long is GnRH?

A

10 amino acids

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15
Q

In what manner is GnRH released?

A

Pulsatile; OBLIGATORY

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16
Q

Incidence of Kallmann syndrome

A

Rare; 1/8,000 men, 1/40,000 women

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17
Q

Clinical manifestations and causes of Kallmann syndrome

A

Anosmia and reproductive failure; failure of GnRH neurons to enter the CNS

18
Q

Heritability of Kallmann syndrome

A

X-linked: Kal1

Autosomal: Kal2

19
Q

From where do GnRH neurons migrate during fetal development?

A

From olfactory placode through cribriform plate into forebrain

20
Q

Downstream effects of GnRH binding to its GPCRs

A

Activation of PLC cleaving PIP2 to IP3 and DAG, leading to increased intracellular Ca2+ and PKC activation.

21
Q

GAP

A

GnRH-associated peptide: part of prohormone for GnRH

22
Q

High pulse frequency with GnRH

A

Preferentially releases leutinizing hormone (1 pulse every 30-60 minutes)

23
Q

Slow pulse frequency with GnRH

A

Preferentially releases FSH (once every 2-3 hours)

24
Q

Superior hypophysial artery

A

Gives rise to the capillary plexus - “portal plexus” of the anterior pituitary

25
Q

Inferior hypophysial artery

A

Supplies the posterior pituitary

26
Q

Course of the superiorhypophysial artery

A

Breaks into primary capillary plexus that supplies the median eminence, then drains into the hypophyseal portal veins and secondary capillary plexus that supplies the pars distalis

27
Q

Tuberoinfundibular system

A

All neurons that send neurons to the median eminence, and hormones then target the anterior pituitary through the capillary system

28
Q

Neurohypophysial tract

A

Neurons whose axons terminate in the posterior pituitary

29
Q

Parts of the anterior pituitary

A 
Pars distalis (90%)
Pars intermedia
Pars tuberalis
30
Q

Parts of the posterior pituitary

A

Pars nervosa

Infundibulum (stalk)

31
Q

Derivations of the anterior pituitary

A

Glandular tissue derived from embryonic foregut

32
Q

Derivations of the posterior pituitary

A

Neural tissue from neuroectoderm

33
Q

Axons from the __ __ terminate in the neurohypophysis

A

magnocellular neurons

34
Q

Herring bodies

A

Dilations of unmyelinated axons near the terminals; site of hormone release in the posterior pituitary

35
Q

Herring bodies are in close proximity to what structures

A

Fenestrated capillaries

36
Q

Pituicytes

A

Small, darkly stained cells; glial-like cells of the posterior pituitary

37
Q

Acidophils

A

Somatotrophs and lactotrophs

38
Q

Basophils

A

Corticotrophs, gonadotrophs, and thyrotrophs

39
Q

Chromotrophs

A

Appear clear on stain; have paracrine actions

40
Q

Topographical distrubution of cell types in the anterior pituitary

A

TSH near top
ACTH in middle
GH/PRL on the sides
FSH/LH throughout

Endocrine (11 decks)

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