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Brain and Behaviour > Non associative and associative memory I (3/12) > Flashcards

Non associative and associative memory I (3/12) Flashcards

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1
Q

What was found after removing the medial temporal lobe and hippocampus of a paitent suffering with epilepsy?

(3 marks)

A
  • Found epilpesy was cured, but suffered from anterograde amnesia - couldn’t perform basic human activities
  • Shows hippocampus v important for episodic memories
  • Had procedural memory
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2
Q

What is episodic memory?

A

Recall things from past e.g. hearing a song from a few months ago

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3
Q

What is semantic memory?

A

Learn meanings of new words/ concepts

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4
Q

What is retrograde amnesia?

A

Memory loss for things prior to brain trauma - common in alzheimers and degenerative diseases

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5
Q

What is anterograde amnesia?

A

Inability to form new memories after brain trauma

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6
Q

Where do the parahippocampus and rhinal cortical areas project to?

A

The hippocampus - which then projects to the thalamus and hypothalamus

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7
Q

What is the radial arm maze?

A
  • Test for memory where animals travel down one of multiple arms to pick up food
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8
Q

What was seen in the radial arm maze in rodents without a hippocampus?

(2 marks)

A
  • Travelled down one arm multiple times those with a normal hippocampus did not
  • Kept going down arm even after food retrieved - deficit i spatial refernce working memory
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9
Q

What does the morris water maze test for?

(4 marks)

A
  • Long term memory
  • A big pool of water with hidden platform
  • Animals learn where hidden platform and swim towards it by using stimuli in the room
  • If you remove hippocampus for animals show no form of learning pathway
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10
Q

What are place cells?

(2 marks)

A
  • Cells that develop firing overtime of exploring the environment
  • Reflect topography of environment - once place is established, it’s stable for long epriods of time
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11
Q

What are place cells firing dependent on?

A

Visual cues in the environment

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12
Q

Are place cells present in humans?

A
  • PET imaging showed that when asked people to navigate themselves to particular point get large signal in hippocampus and NOT when directed by arrow
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13
Q

What are grid cells?

(4 marks)

A
  • In entorhinal cortex - cells fire when animal in particular places
  • Connecting centres of firing fields give triangular grid
  • Allows it to understand position in space by integrating informtion on location, distance and direction
  • Animal in motion, activates different grids so particular cells fire at certain place and therefore can integrate this information
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14
Q

What are time cells?

(2 marks)

A

Neurons that fire at particular times after neuron has been put inot environment

In hippocampus, encode temporal information and support episodic memory

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15
Q

What task was carried out to measure odour discrimination in hippocampus?

(2 marks)

A
  • Pair certain odours together ad reward would be received in either pot A or B
  • Found that cells in hippocampus responded to complex information and would fire at odours but if they are in the right pot
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16
Q

What important physiological functions in the hippocampus implicated in?

(3 marks)

A
  • Declarative memory
  • Spatial memory, spatial reference working memory and long term emory
  • Odour discrimination linked to spatial location
17
Q

What are engrams?

A

Cognitive unit in hte brain theorized to be the means by which memories are stored

18
Q

What is the standard model of memory consolidation?

(4 marks)

A
  • Info from neocortex sent to temporal lobe and stored in the hippocampus
  • Interaction between the hippocampus and neocortex strengthen connection between neurons
  • get System consolidation: formation of engrams in cortex over time and eventually becoming independent of hippocampus
  • Memories move from hippocampus and into cortex
19
Q

How may the neocortex be involved in establishing engrams?

(3 marks)

A
  • With every memory recall get strengthening of engram
  • Always invovles interaction with hippocampus and neocortex
  • Develop lots of memory traces overtime
20
Q

What are implicit memories?

A
  • Formed from associative learning - behaviours altered by formation of association between events
21
Q

What is instrumental conditioning?

A
  • Associate a response with a meaningful stimulus
22
Q

What is implicit instrumental learning?

(3 marks)

A
  • Learnt o do a response to receive a particular outcome
  • Operant conditioning and positive reinforcement required
  • Predictive nature of stimuli involves learning a motor response ni reaction to sensory input
23
Q
A

Brain and Behaviour (21 decks)

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