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Nobelprisvinner og deres bidrag Flashcards

1
Q

Hvem vant i 2022?

A

Alain Aspect
John F. Clauser
Anton Zeilinger

For experiments with entangled photons, establishing the violation of Bell inequalities and pioneering quantum information science

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2
Q

Hvem vant i 2021?

A

Syukuro Manabe
Klaus Hasselmann
Giorgio Parisi

For groundbreaking contributions to our understanding of complex systems; [Manabe and Hasselmann] for the physical modelling of Earth’s climate, quantifying variability and reliably predicting global warming; [Parisi] for the discovery of the interplay of disorder and fluctuations in physical systems from atomic to planetary scales.

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3
Q

Hvem vant i 2020?

A

Roger Penrose
Reinhard Genzel
Andrea Ghez

[Penrose] for the discovery that black hole formation is a robust prediction of the general theory of relativity, [Genzel and Ghez] for the discovery of a supermassive compact object at the centre of our galaxy.

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4
Q

Hvem vant i 2019?

A

James Peebles
Michel Mayor
Didier Queloz

For contributions to our understanding of the evolution of the universe and Earth’s place in the cosmos, [Peebles] for theoretical discoveries in physical cosmology, [Mayor and Queloz] for the discovery of an exoplanet orbiting a solar-type star.

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5
Q

Hvem vant i 2018?

A

Arthur Ashkin
Gérard Mourou
Donna Strickland

For groundbreaking inventions in the field of laser physics, [Ashkin] for the optical tweezers and their application to biological systems, [Mourou and Strickland] for their method of generating high-intensity, ultra-short optical pulses

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6
Q

Hvem vant i 2017?

A

Rainer Weiss
Barry C. Barish
Kip Thorne

For decisive contributions to the LIGO detector and the observation of gravitational waves

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7
Q

Hvem vant i 2016?

A

David J. Thouless
F. Duncan M. Haldane
J. Michael Kosterlitz

For theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological phases of matter

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8
Q

Hvem vant i 2015?

A

Takaaki Kajita
Arthur B. McDonald

For the discovery of neutrino oscillations, which shows that neutrinos have mass

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9
Q

Hvem vant i 2014?

A

Isamu Akasaki
Hiroshi Amano
Shuji Nakamura

For the invention of efficient blue light emitting diodes which has enabled bright and energy-saving white light sources

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10
Q

Hvem vant i 2013?

A

François Englert
Peter Higgs

For the theoretical discovery of a mechanism that contributes to our understanding of the origin of mass of subatomic particles, and which recently was confirmed through the discovery of the predicted fundamental particle, by the ATLAS and CMS experiments at CERN’s Large Hadron Collider

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11
Q

Hvem vant i 2012?

A

Serge Haroche
David J. Wineland

For ground-breaking experimental methods that enable measuring and manipulation of individual quantum systems

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12
Q

Hvem vant i 2011?

A

Saul Perlmutter
Brian P. Schmidt
Adam G. Riess

For the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the universe through observations of distant supernovae

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13
Q

Hvem vant i 2010?

A

Andre Geim
Konstantin Novoselov

For groundbreaking experiments regarding the two-dimensional material graphene

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14
Q

Hvem vant i 2009?

A

Charles K. Kao
Willard S. Boyle
George E. Smith

[Kao] for groundbreaking achievements concerning the transmission of light in fibers for optical communication, [Boyle and Smith] for the invention of an imaging semiconductor circuit – the CCD sensor

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15
Q

Hvem vant i 2008?

A

Yoichiro Nambu
Makoto Kobayashi
Toshihide Maskawa

[Nambu] for the discovery of the mechanism of spontaneous broken symmetry in subatomic physics, [Kobayashi and Maskawa] for the discovery of the origin of the broken symmetry which predicts the existence of at least three families of quarks in nature

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16
Q

Hvem vant i 2007?

A

Albert Fert
Peter Grünberg

For the discovery of giant magnetoresistance

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17
Q

Hvem vant i 2006?

A

John C. Mather
George F. Smoot

For their discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation

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18
Q

Hvem vant i 2005?

A

Roy J. Glauber
John L. Hall
Theodor W. Hänsch

[Glauber] for his contribution to the quantum theory of optical coherence, [Hall and Hänsch] for their contributions to the development of laser-based precision spectroscopy, including the optical frequency comb technique

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19
Q

Hvem vant i 2004?

A

David J. Gross
H. David Politzer
Frank Wilczek

For the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction

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20
Q

Hvem vant i 2003?

A

Alexei A. Abrikosov
Vitaly L. Ginzburg
Anthony J. Leggett

For pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids

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21
Q

Hvem vant i 2002?

A

Raymond Davis Jr.
Masatoshi Koshiba
Riccardo Giacconi

For pioneering contributions to astrophysics, [Davis and Koshiba] for the detection of cosmic neutrinos, [Giacconi] for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, which have led to the discovery of cosmic x-ray sources

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22
Q

Hvem vant i 2001?

A

Eric A. Cornell
Wolfgang Ketterle
Carl E. Wieman

For the achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates

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23
Q

Hvem vant i 2000?

A

Zhores Alferov
Herbert Kroemer
Jack Kilby

For basic work on information and communication technology, [Alferov and Kroemer] for developing semiconductor heterostructures used in high-speed- and opto-electronics, [Kilby] for his part in the invention of the integrated circuit

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24
Q

Hvem vant i 1999?

A

Gerard ‘t Hooft
Martinus Veltman

For elucidating the quantum structure of electroweak interactions in physics

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25
Hvem vant i 1998?
Robert Laughlin Horst Störmer Daniel Tsui For their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations
26
Hvem vant i 1997?
Steven Chu Claude Cohen-Tannoudji William Phillips For development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light
27
Hvem vant i 1996?
David Lee Douglas Osheroff Robert Richardson For their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3
28
Hvem vant i 1995?
Martin Perl Frederick Reines For pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics, [Perl] for the discovery of the tau lepton, [Reines] for the detection of the [tau] neutrino
29
Hvem vant i 1994?
Bertram Brockhouse Clifford Shull For pioneering contributions to the development of neutron scattering techniques for studies of condensed matte, [Brockhouse] for the development of neutron spectroscopy, [Shull] for the development of the neutron diffraction technique
30
Hvem vant i 1993?
Russell Hulse Joseph Taylor For the discovery of a new type of pulsar, a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation
31
Hvem vant i 1992?
Georges Charpak for his invention and development of particle detectors, in particular the multiwire proportional chamber
32
Hvem vant i 1991?
Pierre-Gilles de Gennes for discovering that methods developed for studying order phenomena in simple systems can be generalized to more complex forms of matter, in particular to liquid crystals and polymers
33
Hvem vant i 1990?
Jerome Friedman Henry Kendall Richard Taylor For their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics
34
Hvem vant i 1989?
Norman Ramsey Hans Dehmelt Wolfgang Paul [Ramsey] for the invention of the separated oscillatory fields method and its use in the hydrogen maser and other atomic clocks, [Dehmelt and Paul] for the development of the ion trap technique
35
Hvem vant i 1988?
Leon Lederman Melvin Schwartz Jack Steinberger For the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino
36
Hvem vant i 1987?
Georg Bednorz Alex Müller For their important break-through in the discovery of superconductivity in ceramic materials
37
Hvem vant i 1986?
Ernst Ruska Gerd Binnig Heinrich Rohrer [Ruska] for his fundamental work in electron optics, and for the design of the first electron microscope, [Rohrer] for their design of the scanning tunneling microscope
38
Hvem vant i 1985?
Klaus von Klitzing for the discovery of the quantized Hall effect
39
Hvem vant i 1984?
Carlo Rubbia Simon van der Meer For their decisive contributions to the large project, which led to the discovery of the field particles W and Z, communicators of weak interaction
40
Hvem vant i 1983?
Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar William Fowler [Chandrasekhar] for his theoretical studies of the physical processes of importance to the structure and evolution of the stars, [Fowler] for his theoretical and experimental studies of the nuclear reactions of importance in the formation of the chemical elements in the universe
41
Hvem vant i 1982?
Kenneth Wilson for his theory for critical phenomena in connection with phase transitions
42
Hvem vant i 1981?
Nicolaas Bloembergen Arthur Schawlow Kai Siegbahn [Bloembergen and Schawlow] for their contribution to the development of laser spectroscopy, [Siegbahn] for his contribution to the development of high-resolution electron spectroscopy
43
Hvem vant i 1980?
James Cronin Val Fitch For the discovery of violations of fundamental symmetry principles in the decay of neutral K-mesons
44
Hvem vant i 1979?
Sheldon Glashow Abdus Salam Steven Weinberg For their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, including, inter alia, the prediction of the weak neutral current
45
Hvem vant i 1978?
Pyotr Kapitsa Arno Penzias Robert Wilson [Kapitsa] for his basic inventions and discoveries in the area of low-temperature physics, [Penzias and Wilson] for their discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation
46
Hvem vant i 1977?
Philip Anderson Nevill Mott John van Vleck For their fundamental theoretical investigations of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems
47
Hvem vant i 1976?
Burton Richter Samuel Ting For their pioneering work in the discovery of a heavy elementary particle of a new kind
48
Hvem vant i 1975?
Aage Bohr Ben Mottelson Leo Rainwater For the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection
49
Hvem vant i 1974?
Martin Ryle Antony Hewish For their pioneering research in radio astrophysics: Ryle for his observations and inventions, in particular of the aperture synthesis technique, and Hewish for his decisive role in the discovery of pulsars
50
Hvem vant i 1973?
Leo Esaki Ivar Giaever Brian Josephson [Esaki and Giaever] for their experimental discoveries regarding tunneling phenomena in semiconductors and superconductors, respectively, [Josephson] for his theoretical predictions of the properties of a supercurrent through a tunnel barrier, in particular those phenomena which are generally known as the Josephson effects
51
Hvem vant i 1972?
John Bardeen Leon Cooper John Schrieffer For their jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theory
52
Hvem vant i 1971?
Dennis Gabor for his invention and development of the holographic method
53
Hvem vant i 1970?
Hannes Alfvén Louis Néel [Alfvén] for fundamental work and discoveries in magneto-hydrodynamics with fruitful applications in different parts of plasma physics, [Néel] for fundamental work and discoveries concerning antiferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism which have led to important applications in solid state physics
54
Hvem vant i 1969?
Murray Gell-Mann for his contributions and discoveries concerning the classification of elementary particles and their interactions
55
Hvem vant i 1968?
Luis Alvarez for his decisive contributions to elementary particle physics, in particular the discovery of a large number of resonance states, made possible through his development of the technique of using hydrogen bubble chamber and data analysis
56
Hvem vant i 1967?
Hans Bethe for his contributions to the theory of nuclear reactions, especially his discoveries concerning the energy production in stars
57
Hvem vant i 1966?
Alfred Kastler for the discovery and development of optical methods for studying Hertzian resonances in atoms
58
Hvem vant i 1965?
Sin-Itiro Tomonaga Julian Schwinger Richard Feynman For their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles
59
Hvem vant i 1964?
Charles Townes Nicolay Basov Aleksandr Prokhorov For fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser-laser principle
60
Hvem vant i 1963?
Eugene Wigner Maria Goeppert-Mayer Hans Jensen [Wigner] for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles, particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles, [Mayer and Jensen] for their discoveries concerning nuclear shell structure
61
Hvem vant i 1962?
Lev Landau for his pioneering theories for condensed matter, especially liquid helium
62
Hvem vant i 1961?
Robert Hofstadter Rudolf Mössbauer [Hofstadter] for his pioneering studies of electron scattering in atomic nuclei and for his thereby achieved discoveries concerning the stucture of the nucleons, [Mössbauer] for his researches concerning the resonance absorption of gamma radiation and his discovery in this connection of the effect which bears his name
63
Hvem vant i 1960?
Donald Glaser for the invention of the bubble chamber
64
Hvem vant i 1959?
Emilio Segrè Owen Chamberlain For their discovery of the antiproton
65
Hvem vant i 1958?
Pavel Cherenkov Ilya Frank Igor Tamm For the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov effect
66
Hvem vant i 1957?
Chen Ning Yang Tsung-Dao Lee For their penetrating investigation of the so-called parity laws which has led to important discoveries regarding the elementary particles
67
Hvem vant i 1956?
William Shockley John Bardeen Walter Brattain For their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect
68
Hvem vant i 1955?
Willis Lamb Polykarp Kusch [Lamb] for his discoveries concerning the fine structure of the hydrogen spectrum, [Kusch] for his precision determination of the magnetic moment of the electron
69
Hvem vant i 1954?
Max Born Walther Bothe [Born] for his fundamental research in quantum mechanics, especially for his statistical interpretation of the wavefunction, [Bothe] for the coincidence method and his discoveries made therewith
70
Hvem vant i 1953?
Frits Zernike for his demonstration of the phase contrast method, especially for his invention of the phase contrast microscope
71
Hvem vant i 1952?
Felix Bloch Edward Purcell For their development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith
72
Hvem vant i 1951?
John Cockcroft Ernest Walton For their pioneer work on the transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificially accelerated atomic particles
73
Hvem vant i 1950?
Cecil Powell for his development of the photographic method of studying nuclear processes and his discoveries regarding mesons made with this method
74
Hvem vant i 1949?
Hideki Yukawa for his prediction of the existence of mesons on the basis of theoretical work on nuclear forces
75
Hvem vant i 1948?
Patrick Blackett for his development of the Wilson cloud chamber method, and his discoveries therewith in the fields of nuclear physics and cosmic radiation
76
Hvem vant i 1947?
Edward Appleton for his investigations of the physics of the upper atmosphere especially for the discovery of the so-called Appleton layer
77
Hvem vant i 1946?
Percy Bridgman for the invention of an apparatus to produce extremely high pressures, and for the discoveries he made therewith in the field of high pressure physics
78
Hvem vant i 1945?
Wolfgang Pauli for the discovery of the Exclusion Principle, also called the Pauli Principle
79
Hvem vant i 1944?
I.I. Rabi for his resonance method for recording the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei
80
Hvem vant i 1943?
Otto Stern for his contribution to the development of the molecular ray method and his discovery of the magnetic moment of the proton
81
Hvem vant i 1939?
Ernest Lawrence for the invention and development of the cyclotron and for results obtained with it, especially with regard to artificial radioactive elements
82
Hvem vant i 1938?
Enrico Fermi for his demonstrations of the existence of new radioactive elements produced by neutron irradiation, and for his related discovery of nuclear reactions brought about by slow neutrons
83
Hvem vant i 1937?
Clinton Davisson George Thomson For their experimental discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals
84
Hvem vant i 1936?
Victor Hess Carl Anderson [Hess] for his discovery of cosmic radiation, [Anderson] for his discovery of the positron
85
Hvem vant i 1935?
James Chadwick for the discovery of the neutron
86
Hvem vant i 1933?
Erwin Schrödinger Paul Dirac For the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory
87
Hvem vant i 1932?
Werner Heisenberg for the creation of quantum mechanics, the application of which has, inter alia, led to the discovery of the allotropic forms of hydrogen?
88
Hvem vant i 1930?
C.V. Raman for his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the effect named after him
89
Hvem vant i 1929?
Louis de Broglie for his discovery of the wave nature of electrons
90
Hvem vant i 1928?
Owen Richardson for his work on the thermionic phenomenon and especially for the discovery of the law named after him
91
Hvem vant i 1927?
Arthur Compton Charles Wilson [Compton] for his discovery of the effect named after him, [Wilson] for his method of making the paths of electrically charged particles visible by condensation of vapour
92
Hvem vant i 1926?
Jean Perrin for his work on the discontinuous structure of matter, and especially for his discovery of sedimentation equilibrium
93
Hvem vant i 1925?
James Franck Gustav Hertz For their discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom
94
Hvem vant i 1924?
Karl Siegbahn for his discoveries and research in the field of x-ray spectroscopy
95
Hvem vant i 1923?
Robert Millikan for his work on the elementary charge of electricity and on the photoelectric effect
96
Hvem vant i 1922?
Niels Bohr for his services in the investigation of the structure of atoms and of the radiation emanating from them
97
Hvem vant i 1921?
Albert Einstein for his services to theoretical physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect
98
Hvem vant i 1920?
Charles Guillaume in recognition of the service he has rendered to precision measurements in Physics by his discovery of anomalies in nickel steel alloys
99
Hvem vant i 1919?
Johannes Stark for his discovery of the Doppler effect in canal rays and the splitting of spectral lines in electric fields
100
Hvem vant i 1918?
Max Planck in recognition of the services he rendered to the advancement of Physics by his discovery of energy quanta
101
Hvem vant i 1917?
Charles Barkla for his discovery of the characteristic Röntgen radiation of the elements
102
Hvem vant i 1915?
William Henry Bragg William Lawrence Bragg For their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of x-rays
103
Hvem vant i 1914?
Max von Laue for his discovery of the diffraction of x-rays by crystals
104
Hvem vant i 1913?
Heike Kamerlingh Onnes for his investigations on the properties of matter at low temperatures which led, inter alia, to the production of liquid helium
105
Hvem vant i 1912?
Nils Dalén for his invention of automatic regulators for use in conjunction with gas accumulators for illuminating lighthouses and buoys
106
Hvem vant i 1911?
Wilhelm Wien for his discoveries regarding the laws governing the radiation of heat
107
Hvem vant i 1910?
Johannes van der Waals for his work on the equation of state for gases and liquids
108
Hvem vant i 1909?
Guglielmo Marconi Carl Braun in recognition of their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy
109
Hvem vant i 1908?
Gabriel Lippmann for his method of reproducing colours photographically based on the phenomenon of interference
110
Hvem vant i 1907?
Albert Michelson for his optical precision instruments and the spectroscopic and metrological investigations carried out with their aid
111
Hvem vant i 1906?
J.J. Thomson in recognition of the great merits of his theoretical and experimental investigations on the conduction of electricity by gases
112
Hvem vant i 1905?
Philipp Lenard for his work on cathode rays
113
Hvem vant i 1904?
John Strutt, Lord Rayleigh for his investigations of the densities of the most important gases and for his discovery of argon in connection with these studies
114
Hvem vant i 1903?
Henri Becquerel Pierre Curie Marie Curie [Becquerel] in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by his discovery of spontaneous radioactivity, [the Curies] in recognition of the extraordinary services they have rendered by their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel
115
Hvem vant i 1902?
Hendrik Lorentz Pieter Zeeman in recognition of the extraordinary service they rendered by their researches into the influence of magnetism upon radiation phenomena

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