Nobel Prizes Awarded for Immunologic Studies And Terminologies Flashcards
1885; Rabies Vaccine
Louis Pasteur
1789; Smallpox Vaccination
Edward Jenner
1901; Antiserum therapy esp. against diptheria
Emil Von Behring
1905; Tuberculosis
Robert Koch
1908; Theories of Immunity
Paul Ehrlich
1908; Phagocytosis
Elie Metchnikoff
1911; First Cancer Virus
Francis Rous
1912; Organ grafting
Alexis Carrell
1913; Anaphylaxis
Charles Richet
1919; Theories of immunity/Complement
Jules Bordet
1930; Human blood groups
Karl Landsteiner
1945; Penicillin
Sir Alexander Fleming
1945
Sir Ernst Borischain and Lord Howard Walter Floray
1951; Yellow fever vaccine
Max Theiler
1952; Streptomycin as first antibiotic effective against tuberculosis
Selman Abraham Waksman
1957; Antihistamine research ( inhibit the action of histamine and other substances on vascular system and skeleton muscles.
Daniel Bovet
1959; Mechanism of Biological synthesis of DNA and RNA
Severo Ochoa and Arthur Kornberg
1960; Immunological Tolerance
Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet
1960
Sir Perer Brian Medawar
1965; Genetic control of enzymes and virus synthesis
Francis Jacob
1965
Andrei Lwoff and Jacques Monod
1966; Tumor-inducing viruses
Payton Rous
1968; Genetic code and its function in protein synthesis
River Holley and Har goblins khorana
1968
Marshall Nirenberg
1969
Max Delbruck/Alfred Hershey
1969; Genetic structure of viruses
Salvador Luria
1972; Structure of Immunoglobulins
Rodney Porter
1972
Gerald Edelman
1975; Interactikn bet tumor viruses and genetic material of the cell
David Baltimore and Renato Dulbecco
1975
Howard Martin Ternin
1977; Radioimmunoassay
Rosalyn Yallow
1978; Restriction enzymes/application to problem of molecular genetics
Werner Arber and Daniel Nathan’s
1978
Hamilton Smith
1980; immunogenetics and Histocompatibility
Baruj Benacerraf
1980; MHC that regulate immunological reap.
Jean Dausset
1983; Mobile Genetic Elements
Barbara McClintock
1983; HIV
Luc Montagnier
1984; Hybridoma Technology
Cesar Milstein
1984
George Kohler and Niels Jerne
1985; Polymerase Chain Reaction
Kary Mullis
1987; Immunoglobulin Genetics
Susumo Tonegawa
1989; Cellular origin of Retroviral oncogenes
J.Michael Bishop
1989
Harold Varmus
1990; Organ and Cell Transplantation
Joseph Murray
1990
E.Donnell Thomas
1996; Specificity of Cell mediated immune defense
Peter Doherty
Rolf Zinkernagel
1997; Priors as new Biological principal of infection
Stanley Prusiner
1999; Singal transduction
Gunter Blobel
A life threatening disease caused by a virus and characterized by breakdown of the body’s immune defenses.
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
Almost total lack of immunoglobulins or antibodies
Agammaglobulinemia
Substance that causes allergy
Allergen
An inappropriate and harmful response of the immune system to normally harmless substances
Allergy
Life threatening allergic reaction characterized by a swelling of body tissues including the throat, difficulty in breathing and a sudden fall in blood pressure
Anaphylactic shock
Soluble protein molecule produced and secreted by B cells in response to an antigen, capable of binding to that specific antigen
Antibody
Substance that when introduce introduce into the body is recognized by the immune system.
Antigen
B cells, cells of the monocyte lineage and various other body cells that present antigen in a form that T cells can recognize
Antigen-presenting cells
Autoantibodies directed against a substance in the cell’s nucleus
Antinuclear antibody (ANA)
Serum that contains antibodies
Antiserum
Antibodies that interlock with and inactive toxins produced by certain bacteria
Antitoxins
Lymphoid organ in the intestine
Appendix
Weakened; no longer infectious
Attenuated
An antibody that reacts against a person’s own tissue
Autoantibody
A disease that results when immune system mistakenly attacks the body’s own tissues.
Autoimmune disease
2 autoimmune disease
Rheumatoid arthritis and systematic lupus erythematosus
White blood cell that contributes to inflammatory response. Along with mast cells, they are responsible for the symptoms of allergy
Basophil
Small white blood cells crucial to the immune defenses. AKA B lymphocytes, derived from bone marrow and develop into plasma cells. Source of antibodies
B cells
Soft tissue located in the cavities of the bone. Source of all blood cells
Bone marrow
Physical structure in the cell’s nucleus that houses the genes. 23 pairs of chromosomes.
Chromosome
Complex of series of blood proteins whose action “complements” the work of antibodies. Destroys bacteria, produces inflammation and regulated immune reaction
Complement
Precise sequence of events usually triggered by an antigen-antibody complex. Each component of the complement system is activated in turn
Complement cascade
Part of an antibody’ structure that is characterize for each antibody class
Constant region
Delivery of a second signal from an antigen-presenting cell to a T cell. Rescues the activated T cell from allergy, allowing it to price the lymphokines necessary for the growth of addiction T cells
Co-Stimulation
Powerful chemical substances secrets by cells. Includes lymphokines produced by lymphocytes and monokines produced by monocytes and macrophages
Cytokines
Subset of T lymphocytes can kill body cells infected by viruses or transformed by cancer.
Cytotoxic T Cells
WBC found in the spleen and other lymphoid organs. Use threadlike tentacles to enmesh antigen which they present to T cells.
Dendritic Cells
Nucleic acid that is found in the cell nucleus and that is the carrier of genetic information
DNA
WBC that contains granules filled with chemicals damaging to parasites, and enzymes that damp down inflammatory reaction.
Eosinophil
A protein, produced by living cells that promote the chemical processes of life without itself being altered.
Enzyme
Unique shape or marker carried on an antigen’s surface, which triggers corresponding antibody response.
Epitope
Life threatening reaction in which transplanted immunocompetent cells attack the tissues of the receipt.
Graft-versus-host-disease
WBC filled with granules contains potent chemical that allow the cells to digest microorganism or to produce inflammatory reactions.
Granulocytes
Subset of T cells that carry the T4 marker and are essential for turning in antibody production, activating cytotoxic T cells and initiating many other immune responses.
Helper T cells
Formation and development of blood cells usually takes place in the bone marrow
Hematopoietic
Method of matching the self antigens on the tissues of a transplant donor with those of the recipient.
Histocompatibility testing
Virus that causes AIDS
HIV ( Human immunodeficiency virus)
Proteins marker of self used in Histocompatibility testing. Types also correlate with certain autoimmune disease.
Human Leukocyte antigens
Hybrid cell created by fusing a B lymphocyte with a long live neoplasticism plasma cell or a T lymphocytes with a lymphoma cell. A B cell Hybridoma secreted a single specific antibody
Hybridoma
Abnormally low levels of immunoglobulins
Hypogammaglobulinemia
Unique and characteristics parts of an antibody’s variable region, which can themselves serves as antigens
Idiotypes
Cluster of interlocking antigens and antibodies
Immune complex
Reactions of the immune system to foreign substances.
Immune response
Test using antibodies to identify and quantify substances. Linked to a marker such as a fluorescent molecule, a radioactive molecule or an enzyme.
Immunoassay
Capable of developing an immune response.
Immunocompetent
Family of large protein molecules, AKA antibodies
Immunoglobulins
Reduction of the immune responses, for instance by giving drugs to prevent transplant rejection.
Immunosuppression
Monoclonal antibody linked to a natural toxin, a toxic drug or radio active substance.
Immunotoxin
Redness, warmth, swelling, pain and loss of function produced in response to infection as the result of increased flood flow and an influx of immune cells and secretions.
Inflammatory response
Major group of lymphokines and monokines
Interleukins
Dendritic cells in the skin that pick up antigen and transport it to lymph nodes
Langerhan Cells
All WBC
Leukocytes
A transparent, slightly yellow fluid that carries lymphocytes, bathed the body tissues and drains into the lymphatic vessels.
Lymph
Bodywide network of channels, similar to the blood vessels, which transport lymph to the immune organs and into the bloodstream
Lymphatic vessels
Small bean shaped organs of the immune system, distributed widely through the body and linked by lymphatic vessels. Are garrisons of B, T and other immune cells
Lymph nodes
Small WBC produced in the lymphoid organs and paramount in the immune defenses.
Lymphocytes
Organs of the immune system, where lymphocytes develop and congregate. Include bone marrow, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes and various othe tc liter of lymphoid tissue. The blood vessels and lymphatic vessels can also be considered.
Lymphoid organs
Powerful chemical substances secreted by lymphocytes.
Lymphokines
Large and versatile immune cell and acts as a microbe-devouring phagocyte, an antigen-presenting cell and important source of immune secretions.
Macrophage
Groups of genes that controls several aspects of the immune response. Genes code for self merkers on all body cells
Macrophage
Antibodies producing by a single cell or its identical progeny, specific for a given antigen. Tool for binding to specific protein molecules, monoclonal antibodies are invaluable in research, medicine and industry.
Monoclonal antibodies
Large phagocytoc WBC which, when it enter tissue develops into s macrophage.
Monocyte
Powerful chemical substances secreted by monocytes and macrophages.
Monokines
Large-granule filled lymphocytes that take on tumor cells and infected body cells, because they attack without first having to recognize specific antigens.
Natural killer (NK) cells
A WBC that is an abundant and important phagocyte.
Neutrophil
Large, naturally occurring molecules composed of chemical building blocks knows as nucleotides. Two kinds of nucleic acid RNA and DNA
Nucleic acids
A monoclonal antibody that targets mature T cells.
OKT3
To coat an organism with antibodies or a complement protein so as to nako to palatable to phagocytes
Ops obits
An individual living thing
Organism
Collection of lymphoid tissues in the intestinal tract
Peyer’s patches
Large WBC that contribute to the immune defenses by ingesting microbes or other cells and foreign particles.
Phagocytes
Granule contains cellular fragments critical for blood clotting and sealing off wounds. Contribute to the immune responses
Platelets
Large antibody producing cells that develop from B cells
Plasma cells
Short for polymorphonuclear leukocyte or granulocytes
Polymorphs
Made up of amino acids. Major constituents of plant and animal cells.
Proteins
Group of one celled animals , few which causes human disease
Protozoa
Autoantibody found in the serum of most persons with rheumatoid arthritis
Rheumatoid factor
Nucleic acid found in the cytoplasm, direct the synthesis of proteins.
Ribonucleic acid RNA
Clear liquid that separated from the blood when it is allowed to clot.
Serum
Life threatening conditions in infants are born lacking all major immune defenses.
Severe combined immunodeficiency disease
Lymphoid organ in the abdominal cavity. Important center for immune system cavities.
Spleen
Cells from which all blood cells derive. Where bone marrow is rich.
Stem cells
Vaccine that uses merely one component of an infectious agent, rather than the whole to stimulate an immune response.
Subunit vaccine
Class of antigens, including certain bacterial toxins, that unleash a massive and damaging immune response
Superantigens
Subset of T cells that turn off antibody production and other immune responses
Suppressor T cells
Small WBC that orchestrate and or directly participate in the immune defenses. Processed in the thymus and secrete lymphokines
T Cells or T Lymphocytes
Primary lymphoid organ, high in the chest, where T lymphocytes proliferate and mature.
Thymus
Extracts from the tumor tissue, treated in lab and reinfected into the cancer patient
Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes
State of non responsive to a particular antigen or group of antigens
Tolerance
Prominent oval masses of lymphoid tissues on either side of the throat.
Tonsils and adenoids
Agents produced by plants and bacteria, normally very damaging to mammalian cells that can be delivered directly to target cells by linking them to monoclonal antibodies or lymphokines.
Toxins
Contains antigenic components from an infectious organism. By stimulating an immune response, it protects against subsequent infection by that organism.
Vaccine
Part of an antibody’s structure that differs from one antibody to another.
Variable region
