Antimicrobial Protein Flashcards
Example of antimicrobial protein
Lysozyme
Proteins that attack microbes or stall reproduction of microbes.
Antimocrobial protein
Secreted by virus-infected cells; prevent cell to cell spread.
Interferons
Not virus specific
Interferons
Neighboring cells are stimulated to produce chemicals that can inhibit viral infection
Interferons
A specific type that activated phagocytes; activate macrophage
Interferons
Secreted by macrophages
Defensins
Third line of defense. There is lag time between exposure and maximal response. Not genetically determined. Affords protection against re-exposure to the same pathogen.
Adaptive/Acquired immunity/Specific defense mechanism
Responsible in the defense mechanism. Found in the blood and lymph.
Lymphocytes
Activated by cytokines from phagocytes.
Display specificity to epitopes on antigens. Have specific membrane-bound antigen-receptors.
Lymphocytes
Two types of lymphocytes.
B- cells
T-cells
Mature in marrow
B-cells
Mature in thymus.
A.k.a helper/cytotoxic/killer/suppressor/memmory
T-cells
Requires some time to react to an invading organism
Adaptive
Present and ready to mobilized upon infection
Innate
Antigen specific and reacts only with the org that induced the response.
Adaptive
Not antigen specific and reacts equally to a variety of organism
Innate
Does not demonstrate immunological memoryo
Innate
Demonstrates immunological memory
Adaptive
Develops upon the exposure to antigen
Through antigen
Obtained in the course of daily life
Naturally Acquired Active Immunity
Occurs through vaccination
Artificially Acquired Active Immunity
Type of Acquired/Adaptive Immunity that has natural antibodies. No immune response to antigen.
Naturally Acquired Passive Immunity
Type of Acquired/Adaptive immunity: injection of antibodies
Artificially Acquired Passive Immunity
Adaptive Immunity can be?
Cellular (cell-mediated) and Humoral (antibody-mediated)?
Involves B cell activation; production of antibodies in blood plasma and lymph.
Humoral immunity
Involves immunoglobulin production by B lymphocytes; complement can be considered
Humoral Immunity
Humoral immunity:
Antibodies are produced by?
Lymphocytes; specifically B cells
Humoral immunity:
Antibodies are found where?
ECF and surface of B cells
Programmed cell death (Falling away)
Apoptosis
Many virus infected cell will undergo this to help prevent spread of the infection
Apoptosis
Humoral immunity occurs in 3 phases: accomplished by phagocytosis
Antigen elimination
Humoral immunity occurs in 3 phases:
After exposure to Ag. IgM is the first to appear.
The primary response
Humoral immunity occurs in 3 phases: second or subsequent exposure to the same antigen elicits secondary response. IgG is the predominant.
The secondary response
Active against cancer cells; class I mhc. Occurs when antigen displayed by antigen presenting cells activated cytotoxic T cell. Cytotoxic cell can differentiate to memory cells or active cytotoxic t cells.
Cellular Immunity
Transplanted tissue. Important in viral and fungal infections and in infections. Involved specialized set of lymphocytes called T cells that recognize foreign antigens in the surface on cells, org or tissues.
Cellular mediated immunity
These cells play a role in cell-mediated immunity.
Macrophages, Cytotoxic t cells, Natural Killer cells
Chemical messengers of immune cells
Cytokines
Communication bet WBCs.
Interleukins
Protect against viral infections
Interferons
Attract WBCs to infected areas
Chemokines
Found on all cells
MHC Class I
Found in phagoctyes
MHC Class Ii
Inoculation of smallpox
Variolation
Inoculation of cowpox
Vaccination
When most of population is immune to a disease
Herd immunity
Types of vaccines:
It contains weakened microbes that multiply at only low levels, inducing a strong immune response
Live, attenuated vaccines
Types of vaccines:
Contain killed pathogens, which induce a weaker immune response.
Inactivated vaccines
Types of vaccines:
Contain only those parts of the antigens that stimulate a strong immune response.
Subunit vaccine
Types of vaccine that depend on the ability of some cells to: take up and translate foreign DNA. And display the resulting proteins, inducing a strong immune response.
DNA Vaccines
Increase efficacy of a vaccine or toxoid by increasing availability of the antigen in the lymphatic system.
Adjuvants
Principle Bacterial Vaccines: purified polysaccharide from N.menigitidis
Meningococcal meningitis
Principle Bacterial Vaccines: polysaccharides conjugated with protein.
Haemophilus influenza type B meningitis
Principle Bacterial Vaccines: S.pneumonia antigens conjugated with protein
Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine
Principal Virus Vaccines: live vaccinia virus
Smallpox
Principle virus vaccines: inactivated virus
Poliomyletis; Rabies; Hepa A
Principle Virus Vaccines: inactivated or attenuated (nasal) virus
Influenza
Principle virus vaccine: attenuated virus
Measles, Mumps, Rubella, Chickenpox
Principle virus vaccines: antigenic fragments
Hepa B
Content: live, weakened bacteria/virus
Attenuated
Killer virus/bacteria
Killed
Detoxified toxin
Toxoid
Aging of cultures; culture on high temp; passage through another host sp; drying.
Attenuated
Heat chemicals (HCHO, phenol and alcohol) Uv radiation/photodynamic inhibition.
Killed
Detoxified by adding 0.4% HCHO
Toxoid
Long lasting
Attenuated
Shorter
Killed
Longer and permanent
Toxoid
More potent
Attenuated
Less potent
Killed
Strong
Toxoid
Lyophilized form
Attenuated
Presented in antiseptics like phenol, merthiolate and alcohol
Killed
Fluid forms are precipitated by an alum/Al(OH)3
Toxoid
TB, yellow fever, smallpox and polio
Attenuated
Whooping cough, typhoid fever, cholera, plague, rabies
Killed
Diphtheria, tetanus
Toxoid
2 kinds of granules which are involved in antimicrobial properties
Azurophilic granule
Specific granule
The process of white blood cells migrating outside of blood vessels. Often caused by trauma.
Diapedesis
Cells that are primarily involved in Diapedesis
Neutrophils and cytokines
