No defs deck Flashcards
How are headlands and bays formed?
1) Hard rock and soft rock next to water
2) A wave attack erodes the soft rock, but leaves the hard rock.
3) Differential erosion occurs.
4) The eroded area becomes a bay and the hard rock becomes a headland.
How are wave cut platforms made?
1) The sea attacks a weakness in the base of the cliff.
2) A wave-cut notch is created by erosional processes such as hydraulic action and abrasion.
3) As the notch becomes larger, the cliff becomes unstable and collapses as a result of gravity.
4) The cliff retreats inland.
5) The material from the collapsed cliff face is eroded and transported away.
6) This leaves a wave-cut platform; the process repeats over time.
What is the difference between weathering and erosion?
Weathering is the breakdown of material, but erosion is the wearing away of material.
How are caves, arches, stacks and stumps formed (CASS)?
- Wave attacks form faults in a cliff via hydraulic action and abrasion. The fault is enlarged to become a CAVE.
- The cave is widened and deepened by erosion (HA and abrasion) until it eventually cuts through the headland and becomes an ARCH.
- Undercutting from the waves and a lack of support for the roof of the arch leads the roof to collapse, leaving a STACK.
- Weathering and erosion undercut the back of the stack until it collapses, forming a stump.
How does longshore drift occur?
- The swash moves up the beach at an angle determined by the direction of the prevailing wind and waves.
- When the wave has broken, the backwash returns to the sea at a 90 degrees angle.
- In this way, sediment (sand and pebbles) are moved up the beach, and then they will collect against a groyne.
What are some features of a constructive wave?
- Wave height is small
- Less frequent.
- A strong swash moves sediment up the beach
- A weak backwash carries away little sediment.
- Gives the beach a gentler profile.
What are some features of a destructive wave?
- The wave height is larger
- More frequent
- A weak swash carries less sediment up the beach
- A strong backwash carries away lots of sediment
- This can build steep beaches.
How is a spit formed?
1) Sediment is carried by longshore drift.
2) When there is a change in the shape of the coastline, deposition occurs.
3) A long thin ridge of material is deposited. This is the spit.
4) A hooked end can form if there is a change in wind direction.
What is the difference between hard and soft engineering?
Hard engineering - artificial structures
Soft engineering - sustainable and natural approach
What is beach nourishment?
- Soft engineering
- Adding large quantities of sand or sediment to beaches.
- Combats erosion and increases beach width.
- Cheap
- Short term
- Maintains natural appearance of beach
What is managed retreat?
- Soft engineering, allows the erosion and flooding to happen
- Retreat further down the coast
- Allows the natural processes of the sea to occur
- Area of low value are allowed to flood, which protects areas of higher importance down the coast.
What is cliff stabilisation?
Soft engineering, cliffs are covered in matting and vegetation planted to help make them more stable and resistant to erosion.
What is a sea wall?
- Extremely effective
- Hard Engineering
- A wall placed at the base of a cliff to reflect the waves energy
- Extremely expensive (£10,000 per km)
- Ugly
What are gabions?
- Hard engineering
- Cages of wire filed with rocks to absorb the waves energy
- Effective
- Cheap
- Environmentally ugly
What are groynes?
- Hard engineering structures
- Used to trap sediment and build up beaches
- Protecting cliffs from erosion
- Causing increased erosion downstream
- Over a 25-30 year period.
What are rip raps?
- Hard engineering
- Large rocks placed at the bottom of the cliff to absorb wave energy
- Effective at dispersing wave energy
- Cheap
- Ugly
What are some causes of local environmental issues?
- Finchley Road nearby.
- A highly populated area with a number of schools close by, which greatly increases traffic, congestion and litter.
- The average Camden resident emits 15 tonnes of CO2 annually, compared to the UK average of 13 tonnes.
What are some solutions for local environmental issues?
- Changing street lights to energy-efficient LED lights.
- Fitting 184 solar panels to the Swiss Cottage library.
- The councils energy is supplied by renewable sources.
- Increased cycle routes.
- Camden Forest 2025 (aiming to plant 2025 trees by 2025).
- Visioning Camden 2030 (asking locals to imagine the borough in 2030 if the impacts of climate change had been dealt with.
What was the result of the solutions for local environmental issues?
These efforts saw a reduction in the 2019/2020 carbon emissions by 51% compared to 10 years earlier.
What are some problems Camden is experiencing?
- Traffic and Transport.
- Food and Water waste.
- Energy use.
- Litter and waste.
- Air pollution.
- Light pollution.
How many national parks does the UK have?
15
What are the three aims of national parks?
1) Conserve and enhance the natural beauty, wildlife and cultural heritage.
2) Promote opportunities for understanding and enjoying national parks by the public.
3) To meet socio-economic needs of the local communities.
Where is Snowdonia National Park?
North Wales.
What are the benefits of tourism for Snowdonia National Park?
- Jobs for the locals
- Income for the local economy
- Preserves the local services (transport, shops, etc)
- Tourists enjoy the scenery.