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Digestion Of Groups > Nitrogen Metabolism > Flashcards

Nitrogen Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

What is happening to proteins in the body

A

Continually broken down and re synthesised

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2
Q

What is nitrogen a substrate for? (6)

A

Nucleic acid

Porphryin in heme

Thyroxine hormone

NT

Phospholipids

Coenzymes

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3
Q

What happens to AA break down

A

Energy
Fatty acid and glucose stores - involved in TCA

Production of AA

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4
Q

What can phenylalanine be converted to

A

Tyrosine

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5
Q

What is a key function of nitrogen

A

Enzymes

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6
Q

Most important nitrogen enzyme

A

Glutamate dehydrogenase

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7
Q

What does glutamate dehydrogenase do

A

Detoxifies material

Ammonia

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8
Q

Pathway of glutamate dehydrogenase

A

Ammonia
+
Alpha ketogluterate

To

Glutamate
+ water

NADH H+
Converted to
NAD

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9
Q

What 2 enzymes are involved in exertion of urea involving CNS

A

Glutamine synthase

Glutaminase

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10
Q

Pathway of glutamine synthase

A

Glutamine + NH4 + ATP

Goes to

Glutamate

+ ADP

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11
Q

Pathway of glutaminase

A

Glutamine

To glutamate

And ammonia

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12
Q

What is a transaminase

A

Enzyme which transfers an amine group from AA to an

Keto acid

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13
Q

What is a Keto acid

A

Contain ketone group and carboxylase acid group

Involved in TCA cycle

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14
Q

What are common transaminase acceptors/donor

A

Alanine

And

Alpha ketogluterate

Or

Aspartate

And

OAA

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15
Q

How are AA (non essential) formed

A

Transaminase reactions

May require processing before or after

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16
Q

Where do Keto acids derive

A

Intermediate metabolism

TCA glycolysis

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17
Q

What is produced from transaminase reaction when amine group placed on Keto acid

A

Keto acid converted to another AA

18
Q

Are transaminase enzymes specific to the AA

A

Yes

Eg
Aspartate transaminase

19
Q

What are common Keto acids

A

Pyruvate

Oxaloacetate

Alpha ketogluterate

Ribose 5 phosphate

20
Q

What happens to AA when broken down

A

Amine group removed

Goes into urea cycle

Carbon skeleton reused in metabolism

21
Q

Steps of degradation

Of amino acid

A

1 removal of amino group
- transaminase

2 amino group on new AA is recycled or goes to urea cycle

3 carbon skeleton enters intermediate metabolism
(TCA)

22
Q

Glucogenic AA

A

Can be used to produce glucose by gluconeogenesis

23
Q

What can glycogenic

AA intermediates are there for gluconeogenesis

A

Pyruvate

OAA
Fumarate

Propionyl CoA - succinate

Alpha ketogluterate

24
Q

What do ketogenic AA form

A

Acetyl CoA

And

Ketones

25
Q

Can acetyl CoA be converted to glucose?

A

No

26
Q

What happens to ketogenic AA when broken down

A

Form acetyl CoA
- goes to ketones or ATP or fatty acid

Ketone bodies form

27
Q

Where are AA stored

A

They’re not

28
Q

Effects of ammonia toxicity

A

Neurological disease due to build up ammonia

Increased pH causes neuro problems

29
Q

What does high ammonia stimulate

Why is this a problem

A

Glutamate dehydrogenase

But removed
Alpha ketogluterate
Which interrupts TCA cycle

ATP reduced

Death

30
Q

Why are ammonia levels high in the CNS

A

Neurotransmission produces

Ammonia as byproduct

31
Q

How is ammonia removed and excreted from CNS

A

Glutamine synthase

And

Glutaminase

32
Q

What is important abou glutamine

A

Can pass through blood brain barrier

33
Q

How are ammonia levels high in muscle after exercise

A

ATP goes to

AMP

Which goes to

Inosine MP and NH4

34
Q

What enzyme is important in muscles to remove NH4

A

Glutamate dehydrogenase

35
Q

What happens to lactate from post exercise

How is this product removed

A

Converted to Pyruvate

Transaminase reaction takes place

See sheets

36
Q

Ammonotelic

A

Fish release nitrogen into environment

Release free ammonia

37
Q

Uricotelic

A

Bird

Nitrogen
- produce uric acid

Bird poo
Insoluble crystals

38
Q

Ureotelic

A

Urea highly soluble

Water loss

39
Q

Urea cycle where

A

Liver

Mitochondria

And cytoplasm

40
Q

Does urea cycle need energy

A

Yes

Digestion Of Groups (5 decks)

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