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Digestion Of Groups > Lipids > Flashcards

Lipids Flashcards

1
Q

Why is lipid important for health(2)

A

Energy during fasting

Energy during pregnancy

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2
Q

Lipids in disease (3)

A

Energy for host defence

Endocrine diseases associated

  • cushings
  • diabetes

Metabolic problems

  • fatty liver
  • hyperlipidemia
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3
Q

When does catabolism of lipids occur

A

Fasting

Demand for energy

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4
Q

What stimulates catabolism of lipids

A

Hormones stimulate lipases

Adrenaline
Glucagon
Cortisol

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5
Q

What is the type of fat in adipose tissues

A

Triglycerides

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6
Q

What happens to triglycerides in catabolism

A

Broken down to FA and glycerol

Released into blood

Travels to liver or muscles

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7
Q

What happens to FA at liver

A

Linked to CoA

Oxidised to acetyl CoA
Enters TCA

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8
Q

What happens if there is excess acetyl CoA

A

Converted to ketone bodies

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9
Q

Where does b-oxidation happen

A

Liver
Heart
Muscle

Mitochondria

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10
Q

Function of b-oxidation

A

To provide energy for metabolism as ATP

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11
Q

Substrate for b-oxidation

A

Long chain fatty acids

Palmitic acid

Or

Fatty acyl CoA

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12
Q

Products of b-oxidation

A

Co factors
NADH FADH

Ketone bodies

Or

Acetyl CoA

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13
Q

Control of b-oxidation

Whole level

Cellular level

A

Hormone control stimulate release of FA

Malonyl CoA controls enters of Fatty acyl CoA to mitochondria

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14
Q

What is fatty acid activation

A

When acyl CoA is formed

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15
Q

Where does fatty acid activation take place

A

Cytoplasm of cells

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16
Q

How many high energy bonds are involved in FA activation

A

2 high energy phospho bonds used

2 ATP

Produce high energy bonds

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17
Q

What type of bonds are formed in FA activation

A

Sulphur

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18
Q

What happens during FA activation

A

FA linked to CoA to form acyl CoA

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19
Q

What does the carnitine shuttle do

A

Transports the fatty acyl group to mitochondria

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20
Q

Describe. Shuttle

A

Outer membrane
- FA-CoA transfers FA to carnitine to produce
Fatty acyl carnitine enzyme

Inner membrane
- FA transferred back to CoA

21
Q

What inhibits the carnitine shuttle

A

Malonyl CoA

Stops catabolism when have enough energy

22
Q

What are the 4 steps of b-oxidation

A
  1. Dehydrogenase enzyme oxidises beta carbon
    Fad reduced
    - ATP and c=c form
  2. Water and hydratase - hydrate double bond -OH
    And H on C2
  3. Dehydrogenase with NAD remove hydrogen
    = 3 ATP
  4. Thiolase cleaves FA at C2 and C3
    = fatty acyl CoA and acetyl CoA
23
Q

What happens to the fatty acyl CoA after b-oxidation

A

Recycled but 2C less each time until only 4 carbon left

24
Q

What is the product of b-oxidation of palmitic a acid (16C)

A

7 cycles - last cycle is 4C as 2 lost each time

7 FADH
7 NADH + H

131 ATP

25
Q

What happens to unsaturated fatty acid b-oxidation

A

More c=c bonds

Other enzymes involved in oxidation

More energy used up

26
Q

When does FA synthesis take place

A

When high energy

27
Q

Where does FA synthesis take place

What part

A

Adipose
Mammary
Liver

Cytoplasm

28
Q

What is substrate for FA synthesis

Where from

A

Acetyl CoA

Glycolysis
AA

29
Q

How is acetyl CoA transported from mitochondria to cytoplasm for FA synthesis

A

Citrate shuttle

30
Q

What is the product of FA synthesis

A

Palmitoyl CoA (16C)

31
Q

What is the name of the multi enzyme complex in FA synthesis

A

Fatty acid synthase complex

32
Q

What cofactors are involved in FA synthesis

A

NADPH + H

CoA
Provide energy

33
Q

How does the citrate shuttle work

A

I. Mitochondria

Acetyl CoA 
To 
Oxalacetate 
To 
Citrate

In cytoplasm
= reverse
OAA back to mitochondria

34
Q

What is produced WD in cytoplasm as by product of citrate shuttle

A

NADPH

35
Q

What is the enzyme that is a control point in FA synthesis

A

Acetyl CoA carboxylase

36
Q

What activates and what inhibits acetyl CoA carboxylase

A

Activated

  • citrate (substrate)
  • insulin
  • CHO

Inhibited

  • FA (product)
  • glucagon
  • fat
37
Q

What is the first step of FA synthesis

A

Acetyl CoA
To

Malonyl CoA
By carboxylase adds carboxyl group

38
Q

What is the fatty acid synthase complex

A

7 enzymes and acyl carrier protein

Where FA chain grows

ACP has active -SH which binds to growing FA chain

39
Q

What does the acyl carrier protein do in FA synthesis

A

Transports FA growing chain from place to place

40
Q

See sheet on steps and enzymes of FA synthesis

A

It’s complicated

41
Q

What happens to produce FA

A

Elongated
Desaturated

Conjugated to triglycerides or phospholipid

42
Q

Where are triglycerides synthesised the

A

ER

43
Q

Source of glycerol

A

From liver

44
Q

What happens to triglycerides

A

Go to VLDL for export to blood

45
Q

What happens in adipose tissue to form triglycerides

A

Glucose enters tissue

46
Q

Control of triglycerides

Whole body

Cellular

A

Only occurs when excess glucose
Insulin

Cellular

Acetyl CoA carboxylase

47
Q

What does insulin stimulate in term of FA synthesis

A

Activates acetyl CoA carboxylase

Activates lipoprotein lipase in adipose tissue increasing TG break down in VLDL and transfer of FA to adipose

48
Q

Functions of lipids (5)

A

Metabolism
Hormones
Structural

Electron transport
Antioxidants

Digestion Of Groups (5 decks)

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