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Biochemistry > Nitrogen Metabolism > Flashcards

Nitrogen Metabolism Flashcards

0
Q

Intake > Excretion

Net accumulation of proteins as in growth and pregnancy

A

Positive Nitrogen Balance

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1
Q

Nitrogen intake equal nitrogen excretion

A

Nitrogen Balance

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2
Q

Intake < Excretion

Net breakdown of proteins as in surgery, advanced cancer, kwashiorkor or marasmus, starvation

A

Negative Nitrogen Balance

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3
Q

Amount of protein degraded and resynthesized from amino acids

A

Protein Turnover

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4
Q

Normal Protein Turnover

A

300-400 g/day

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5
Q

Protein Degradation Mechanisms

A

Energy-dependent ubiquitin-proteosome mechanism

Non-energy dependent degradative enzyme

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6
Q

Sum of all free amino acids in cells and ECF

A

Amino Acid Pool

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7
Q

3 Possible Sources of Amino Acid Pool

A

Degradation and turnover of body protein
Dietary intake
Synthesis of nonessential amino acids

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8
Q

Protein digestion begins in the

A

Stomach

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9
Q

What is another substance important in vit. B12 metabolism that is also produced by parietal cells?

A

Intrinsic Factor

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10
Q

Can you name other substances absorbed by secondary active transport in the small intestines?

A

Glucose and

Galactose

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11
Q

Amino Acid Metabolism: Removal of alpha-amino group (a process called deamunation) formina ammonia and a corresponding alpha-ketoacid

A

First Phase

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12
Q

What happens to ammonia?

A

Excreted as free ammonia in urine and stool

Majority is still converted to urea before being excreted in the urine

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13
Q

Major disposal form of nitrogen

A

Urea

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14
Q

Amino Acid Metabolism: Carbon skeletons of alpha-ketoacids are converted to common intermediates of energy-producing metabolic pathways

A

Second Phase

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15
Q

Seen in telostean fish, which excrete highly toxic ammonia

A

Ammonotelic

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16
Q

Seen in land animals, including humans who excrete non-toxic, water-soluble urea

A

Ureotelic

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17
Q

Seen in birds, which excrete uric acid as semisolid guano

A

Uricotelic

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18
Q

Removal of Nitrogen: First Phase

A

1) Transamination

2) Oxidative Deamination

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19
Q

Occurs in all cells of body; All amino acids must transfer their amino groups to alpha-ketoglutarate to form glutamate

A

Transamination

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20
Q

Transamination: Enzymes

A

Aminotransferases
Alanine aminotransferase
Aspartate aminotransferase

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21
Q

Transamination: Co-enzyme

A

Pyridoxal phosphate (Vit. B6)

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22
Q

ALT is also known as

A

SGPT (serum glutamate: pyruvate transferase)

Pyruvate and alanine interconvert with transamination

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23
Q

AST is also known as

A

SGOT (serum glutamate: OAA transferase)

Aspartate and oxaloacetate interconvert with transamination

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24
Q

Occurs in the liver and kidney only; Only for glutamate; Glutamate is oxidized and deaminated to yield free ammonia which is used to make urea

A

Oxidative Deamination

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25
Q

Oxidative Deamination: Enzyme

A

Glutamate dehydrogenase

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26
Q

Removal of excess nitrogen from peripheral tissues: Synthesized from glutamate and ammonia; occurs in most tissues, including muscle

A

Through Glutamine

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27
Q

Removal of excess nitrogen from peripheral tissues: Excess nitrogen from the peripheral tissues can reach the liver through transamination of pyruvate to produce alanine; occurs in muscle

A

Through Alanine aka Glucose-Alanine Cycle

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28
Q

What do you call the metabolic pathway whereby lactate produced during anaerobic respiration in muscles is reconverted to glucose in the liver?

A

Cori Cycle

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29
Q

Deaminates glutamine to produce ammonium ion which is excreted from the body; Present in kidneys and small intestines

A

Glutaminase

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30
Q

Pathway for removal of Nitrogenous waste products in the body; Present only in the liver; Major disposal form of amino groups; Donors of the atoms of urea

A

Urea Cycle

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31
Q

Reactions in Urea Cycle: Step 1

A

Formation of Carbamoyl phosphate

Enzyme: Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I

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32
Q

Reactions in Urea Cycle: Step 2

A

Formation of Citrulline

Enzyme: Ornithine transcarbamoylase

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33
Q

Reactions in Urea Cycle: Step 3

A

Synthesis of Arginosuccinate

Enzyme: Argininosuccinate synthetase

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34
Q

Reactions in Urea Cycle: Step 4

A

Cleavage of Argininosuccinate to form Arginine

Enzyme: Argininosuccinase

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35
Q

Reactions in Urea Cycle: Step 5

A

Arginine cleavage to yield Urea and Ornithine

Enzyme: Arginase

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36
Q

Mnemonic: Ordinary Careless Crappers Are Also Frivolous About Urination

A

Ornithine + Carbamoyl Phosphate = Citrulline. + Aspartate = Argininosuccinate. = Fumarate + Arginine. = Urea + Ornithine

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37
Q

Rate Limiting Step of Urea Cycle

A

Reaction: CO2 + NH3➡️carbamoyl phosphate
Enzyme: Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I (CPS-I)
Energy requirement: 4 ATP
Co-factors: N-acetylglutamate, Biotin

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38
Q

Causes hyperammonemia, elevated blood glutamine, decreased BUN; Presents with lethargy, vomiting, hyperventilation, convulsions, cerebral edema, coma, death

A

Hereditary Hyperammonemia
Type 1: Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I deficiency
Type 2: Ornithine transcarbamoylase deficiency

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39
Q

Compromised liver function; Presents with tremors, slurring of speech, somnolence, vomiting, cerebral edema and blurring of vision

A

Acquired Hyperammonemia

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40
Q

Amino acid whose catabolism yields acetoacetate or acetyl-CoA or acetoacetyl-CoA

A

Ketogenic Amino Acid

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41
Q

Amino acid whose catabolism yields pyruvate or intermediates of Krebs Cycle like glucose via gluconeogenesis or glycogen in muscle or liver

A

Glucogenic Amino Acid

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42
Q

Ketogenic Amino Acid

A

Leucine

Lysine

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43
Q

Glucogenic and Ketogenic Amino Acid

A

Phenylalanine
Tyrosine
Tryptophan
Isoleucine

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44
Q

Entry point of Amino Acids: Glutamine, Glutamate, Proline, Arginine, Histidine

A

Alpha-ketoglutarate

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45
Q

Entry point of Amino Acids: Alanine, Serine, Glycine, Cysteine, Threonine, Tryptophan

A

Pyruvate

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46
Q

Entry point of Amino Acids: Phenylalanine, Tyrosine

A

Fumarate

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47
Q

Entry point of Amino Acids: Methionine, Valine, Isoleucine, Threonine

A

Succinyl CoA

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48
Q

Entry point of Amino Acids: Aspartate, Asparagine

A

Oxaloacetate

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49
Q

Synthesis of Non-essential Amino Acid: Transamination of alpha-ketoacids

A

Alanine
Aspartate
Glutamate

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50
Q

Synthesis of Non-essential Amino Acid: Amidation of glutamate and aspartate

A

Glutamine

Asparagine

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51
Q

Synthesis of Non-essential Amino Acid: Synthesized from Glutamate

A

Proline

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52
Q

Synthesis of Non-essential Amino Acid: Made from Methionine and Serine

A

Cysteine

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53
Q

Synthesis of Non-essential Amino Acid: Made from 3-phosphoglycerate

A

Serine

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54
Q

Synthesis of Non-essential Amino Acid: Made from serine

A

Glycine

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55
Q

Synthesis of Non-essential Amino Acid: Made from phenylalanine

A

Tyrosine

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56
Q

Conversion of Amino Acid to Specialized Products: Glycine

A

Heme
Purines
Creatine
Also conjugated to bile acids

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57
Q

Conversion of Amino Acid to Specialized Products: Serine

A

Phospholipid and sphingolipid
Purines
Thymine

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58
Q

Conversion of Amino Acid to Specialized Products: Glutamate

A

GABA

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59
Q

Conversion of Amino Acid to Specialized Products: Cysteine

A

Thioethanolamine of CoA

Taurine

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60
Q

Conversion of Amino Acid to Specialized Products: Histidine

A

Histamine

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61
Q

Conversion of Amino Acid to Specialized Products: Arginine

A

Creatinine
Polyamines
Nitric oxide

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62
Q

Conversion of Amino Acid to Specialized Products: Tryptophan

A 
Serotonin
NAD+
NADP+
Melatonin
Vit. B3 (Niacin)
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63
Q

Conversion of Amino Acid to Specialized Products: Tyrosine

A

Catecholamines
Thyroid hormones (T3 & T4)
Melanin

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64
Q

There is decreased phenylalanine hydroxylase or decreased tetrahydrobiopterine cofactor; Tyrosine becomes essential and phenylalanine builds up, leading to excess phenylketones in urine: phenylacetate, phenyllactate, phenylpyruvate

A

Phenylketonuria

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65
Q

Congenital deficiency of homogenistic acid oxidase in the degradative pathway of tyrosine; Resulting alkapton bodies cause urine to turn black on standing

A

Alkaptonuria

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66
Q

Congenital deficiency of either Tyrosinase or defective tyrosine transporters; Lack of melanin results in increased risk of Skin Ca; Can result from a lack of migration of neural crest cells

A

Albinism

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67
Q

All autosomal recessive; Cystathionine synthase deficiency, decreased affinity for cystathione synthase for pyridoxal phosphate, homocysteine methyltransferase deficiency

A

Homocystinuria

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68
Q

Common inherited defect of renal tubular amino acid transporter for cystine, ornithine, lysine, and arginine in the PCT o kidneys

A

Cystinuria

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69
Q

Blocked degradation of branched amino acids due to a deficiency in alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase; Causes an increased alpha-ketoacid in the blood, especially leucine

A

Maple Syrup Urine Disease

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70
Q

Cyclic compounds formed by the linkage of four pyrrole rings through methyne bridges; Form complexes with metal ions bound to nitrogen atom of the pyrrole rings

A

Porphyrins

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71
Q

Heme Synthesis: Step 1

A 
Formation of δ-Aminolevulinic Acid
Rate limiting step
Reaction: Glycine + Succinyl CoA➡️δ-Aminolevulinic Acid
Enzyme: ALA synthase
Co-factor: Pyridoxine
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72
Q

Heme Synthesis: Step 2

A

Formation of Porphobilinogen

Condensation of two molecules of ALA by zinc-containing ALA dehydratase

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73
Q

Heme Synthesis: Step 3

A

Formation of Uroporphyrinogen

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74
Q

Heme Synthesis: Step 4

A

Formation of heme

Introduction of iron into protoporphyrin IX occurs spontaneously but the rate is enhanced by ferrochelatase

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75
Q

In which of the following reactions or pathways is vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) not a co-factor?

A

Oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA

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76
Q

Genetic or acquired disorders due to abnormalities in the pathway of biosynthesis of heme; Most common: Porphyria Cutanea Tarda

A

Porphyrias

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77
Q

Pyridoxine deficiency associated with Isoniazid therapy

A

Sideroblastic Anemia with Ringed Sideroblasts

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78
Q

Heme synthase introduces the Fe2+ into protoporphyrin IX to make the heme ring

A

Iron Deficiency

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79
Q

Inactivates many enzymes in heme synthesis: ALA dehydratase or Ferrochelatase

A

Lead Poisoning

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80
Q

Common Patterns of Anemia: Microcytic, Hypochromic

A

Iron deficiency anemia
Thalassemias
Lead poisoning

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81
Q

Common Patterns of Anemia: Megaloblastic

A

Folate or vitamin B12 deficiency

Pernicious anemia

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82
Q

Common Patterns of Anemia: Normocytic, Normochromic

A

Anemia of Chronic Illness

Chronic Kidney Disease

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83
Q

Common Patterns of Anemia: Increased MCHC

A

Spherocytosis

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84
Q

After 120 days, RBCs are taken up and degraded by the reticuloendothelial system, particularly in the liver and spleen

A

Degradation of Heme

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85
Q

Heme Degradation: Step 1

A

Enzyme: heme oxygenase system of reticuloendothelial cells

86
Q

Heme Degradation: Step 2

A

Uptake of bilirubin by the liver

87
Q

Heme Degradation: Step 3

A

Formation of bilirubin diglucoronide

88
Q

Heme Degradation: Step 4

A

Secretion of bilirubin into bile

89
Q

Heme Degradation: Step 5

A

Formation of urobilins in the intestine

90
Q 
Jaundice: Hemolytic anemias
Neonatal "physiologic" jaundice
Crigler-Najjar Syndrome Types I and II
Gilbert Syndrome
Toxic Hyperbilirubenemia
A

Unconjugated Hyperbilirubinemia

91
Q

Jaundice: Biliary tree obstruction
Dubin-Johnson Syndrome
Rotor Syndrome

A

Conjugated Hyperbilirubinemia

92
Q

Test used to measure total and direct bilirubin

A

Van Den Bergh Reaction

93
Q

Long, unbranched heteropolysaccharide chains generally composed of a Repeating Saccharide unit: amino sugar and acidic sugar

A

Glycosaminoglycans

94
Q

All of the GAGs are covalently attached to proteins to form proteoglycans EXCEPT

A

Hyaluronic Acid (occurs independently)

95
Q

Important role in permitting cell migration during morphogenesis and wound repair; Attracts water into the extracellular matrix

A

Hyaluronic Acid

96
Q

Located at sites of calcification in endochondral bone and are also found in cartilage

A

Chondroitin sulfate

97
Q

Play a critical role in corneal transparency

A

Keratan sulfate I and Dermatan sulfate

98
Q

May have a structural role in sclera

A

Dermatan sulfate

99
Q

Important anti-coagulant; Binds with factors IX and XI, but its most important interaction is with plasma antithrombin III

A

Heparin

100
Q

Components of plasma membranes, where they may act as receptors and participate in cell adhesion and cell-cell interactions

A

Heparan sulfate

101
Q

Accumulation of GAGs in lysosomes due to deficiency in hydrolases

A

Mucopolysaccharidoses

102
Q

Mucopolysaccharidoses: ALL are autosomal recessive EXCEPT

A

Hunter’s Syndrome

103
Q

α-L-iduronidase deficiency; corneal clouding, cardiomyopathy, mental retardation

A

Type IH: Hurler’s Syndrome

Type IS: Scheie’s Syndrome

104
Q

Iduronate sulfatase; No corneal clouding, cardiomyopathy, mental retardation

A

Type II: Hunter’s Syndrome

105
Q

Heparan sulfamidase deficiency; Spasticity then loss of motor function, mental retardation, hyperactivity

A

Type IIIa Sanfilippo Syndrome

106
Q

N-acetylglucosaminidase deficiency; Spasticity then loss of motor function, mental retardation, hyperactivity

A

Type IIIb Sanfilippo Syndrome

107
Q

N-acetylglucosamine sulfatase deficiency; Spasticity then loss of motor function, mental retardation, hyperactivity

A

Type IIIc Sanfilippo Syndrome

108
Q

N-acetylglucosamine deficiency; Spasticity then loss of motor function, mental retardation, hyperactivity

A

Type IIId Sanfilippo Syndrome

109
Q

Galactose-6-sulfatase deficiency; No CNS involvement, skeletal dysplasia, short stature

A

Type IV Morquio’s Syndrome

110
Q

β-glucuronidase deficiency; corneal clouding, hepatomegaly, skeletal dysplasia and short stature, mental retardation

A

Type VII Sly Syndrome

111
Q

Proteins to which oligosaccharides are covalently attached

A

Glycoproteins

112
Q

Carbohydrate chains shorter
Carbohydrate chains branched
No repeating sugar units

A

Glycoproteins

113
Q

Carbohydrate chains longer
Carbohydrate chains linear
With repeating sugar units

A

Proteoglycans

114
Q

Bound to Serine or Threonine; Hydroxyl group

A

O-Linked Glycoproteins

115
Q

Bound to Asparagine; Amide group

A

N-Linked Glycoproteins

116
Q

Occurs through interaction of ZP3, an O-linked glycoprotein in the zone pellucida with a surface protein on the sperm surface, possibly galactosyl transferase

A

Fertilization

117
Q

Circulating leukocytes adhere to the endothelium through selectins on the latter’s cell surface

A

Inflammation

118
Q

Deficient phosphorylation of mannose residues in N-linked glycoprotein pre-enzymes

A

I-cell Disease

119
Q

Glycoprotein that allows nee viruses to exit infected cells

A

Influenza Virus

120
Q

Polypeptide hormone secreted by the β-cells of the islets of Langerhans of the endocrine pancreas

A

Insulin

121
Q

Polypeptide hormone secreted by the α-cells of the islets of Langerhans of the endocrine pancreas

A

Glucagon

122
Q

Hormones that counteract the actions of Insulin

A

Glucagon
Cortisol
Growth hormone
Epinephrine

123
Q

Low blood sugar (Glucose <40mg/dL)

A

Hypoglycemia

124
Q

Increase level of Glucose
Increase Insulin
Decrease Glucagon secretion

A

Absorptive State or Fed State

125
Q

Decrease level of Glucose
Decrease Insulin
Increase Glucagon secretion
Increase Epinephrine

A

Fasting State

126
Q

Energy-rich molecules larger than that of the other dietary nutrients; Fats, carbohydrates, protein and in some diets, ethanol

A

Macronutrients

127
Q

Nutrients needed in lesser amounts; Vitamins and minerals

A

Micronutrients

128
Q

Average daily nutrient intake level estimated to meet the requirement of 50% of healthy individuals in a particular life stage and gender group

A

Estimated Average Requirement (EAR)

129
Q

Average daily dietary intake level that is sufficient to meet the requirements of >95% of all individuals in a life stage and gender group

A

Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA)

130
Q

Arbitrarily set in the absence of scientific evidence to calculate an EAR or RDA

A

Adequate Intake

131
Q

Highest average nutrient intake level that is likely to pose no risk of adverse health effects to almost all individuals in the general population

A

Tolerable Upper Intake Level

132
Q

Average dietary energy intake predicted to maintain an energy balance in a healthy adult of a defined age, gender and height, whose weight and level of physical activity are consistent with good health

A

Estimated Energy Requirement

133
Q

Energy Requirements in Humans

A

Fat: 20-35%
Carbohydrate: 45-65%
Protein: 10-35%

134
Q

Energy Content: Fats

A

9 kcal/gram

135
Q

Energy Content: Carbohydrates, Proteins, Ketones

A

4 kcal/gram

136
Q

Energy Content: Alcohol (Empty calories)

A

7 kcal/gram

137
Q

Energy expenditure at rest but not asleep

A

60% Resting (Basal) Metabolic Rate

138
Q

Increase metabolic rate after a meal

A

10% Diet-Induced Thermogenesis (Thermic effect of Food)

139
Q

Most variable at all metabolic rate

A

30% Physical Activity

140
Q

Food intake in excess of energy expenditure

A

Obesity

141
Q

Food intake less than energy expenditure

A

Undernutrition

142
Q

Protein deprivation is relatively greater than the reduction in total calories

A

Kwashiorkor

143
Q

Calorie deprivation is relatively greater than the reduction in protein

A

Marasmus

144
Q

Fat Soluble Vitamins

A

Vitamin A,D,E,K

145
Q

3 Forms of Vitamin A

A

Retinol - Vit. A alcohol
Retinal - Vit. A aldehyde
Retinoic Acid - Vit. A acid

146
Q

Growth regulators in the epithelium

A

Retinoic Acid

147
Q

Supports gametogenesis in gonads

A

Retinol

148
Q

Present in rod and cone cells for vision

A

Retinal

149
Q

Nyctalopia (night blindness) - earliest manifestation
Xerophthalmia: eye and corneal dryness
Impotence
Growth retardation

A

Vitamin A Deficiency

150
Q 
Hyperkeratosis 
Hepatomegaly
Pseudotumor cerebri (h ICP)
Increased fractures
Teratogenic
A

Toxicity (Hypervitaminosis A)

151
Q

Vitamin D2, milk, plant sources

A

Ergocalciferol

152
Q

Vitamin D3, skin, animal sources

A

Cholecalciferol

153
Q

1,25-(OH)2 Vitamin D3

A

Calcitriol

154
Q

Precursor of Vitamin D

A

7-dehydrocholesterol

155
Q

Storage form of Vitamin D

A

25-(OH) Vitamin D3

156
Q

Active form of Vitamin D

A

1,25-(OH)2 Vitamin D3

157
Q

Responds to Hypocalcemia and PTH

A

Vitamin D

158
Q

End Goal of Vitamin D

A

Increase calcium

Increase PO4

159
Q

In children only, before growth plate closes; Vit. D deficiency

A

Rickets

160
Q

In adults only, after growth plate closes; Vit. D deficiency

A

Osteomalacia

161
Q

Most toxic vitamin; Hypercalcemia, Anorexia, nausea, Thirst, Stupor

A

Hypervitaminosis D

162
Q

Tetany and seizures
Chvostek’s Sign
Trousseau’s Sign
Long QT

A

Hypocalcemia

163
Q

Stones (urolithiasis)
Bones (pain, osteoporosis)
Abdominal groans (constipation, PUD, pancreatitis)
Psychic overtones (depression, anxiety, psc)
Short QT

A

Hypercalcemia

164
Q

Antioxidant in the lipid phase

Protects membrane lipids from peroxidation

A

Vitamin E

165
Q

RBC fragility, Neurologic dysfunction (neuropathy)

A

Vitamin E deficiency

166
Q

Least toxic vitamin

A

Vitamin E

167
Q

Vitamin K1

A

Phylloquinone

168
Q

Vitamin K2

A

Menaquinone

169
Q

Synthetic Vitamin K

A

Menadione

170
Q

Carboxylation of glutamic acid residues in many calcium-binding proteins;
Coagulation factors X, IX, VII, and II;
Protein C and S

A

Vitamin K

171
Q

Presents as bleeding (including intracranial bleeds); Neonates at risk because of sterile GIT and low vitamin K content of breast milk

A

Hemorrhagic Disease of the Newborn

172
Q

Water soluble vitamins

A 
Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)
Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin: FAD, FMN)
Vitamin B3 (Niacin: NAD+)
Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid: CoA)
Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine: Pyridoxal phosphate)
Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)
Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)
Biotin
Folate
173
Q

Generally non-toxic compared to the oil-solubles; Excesses just was out of the body in urine; EXCEPTIONS: Vit. B6 & B12

A

Water soluble vitamins

174
Q

Active form: Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP)

Used as co-factor in pyruvate, α-ketoglutarate, branched chain amino acid dehydrogenase

A

Vitamin B1 - Thiamine

175
Q

Vit. B1 Deficiency: No heart failure, polyneuritis, symmetrical muscle wasting

A

Dry Beriberi

176
Q

Vit. B1 Deficiency: With heart failure, high-output cardiac failure (dilated cardiomyopathy), edema

A

Wet Beriberi

177
Q

Active forms: Flavin Mononucleotide (FMN), Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide (FAD)
Used as co-factors in redox reactions, as electron carrier

A

Vitamin B2 - Riboflavin

178
Q

No deficiency state but with signs and symptoms; Stomatitis (inflammation of oral mucosa), Cheilosis (inflammation of lips and angle of mouth); Dermatitis; Corneal vascularization

A

Vit. B2 - Riboflavin deficiency

179
Q

Active form: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAD+ and NADP+)
Used as coenzymes in redox reactions

A

Vitamin B3 - Niacin

180
Q

Diarrhea
Dermatitis
Dementia
Death

A

Pellagra

181
Q

Decreased Tryptophan

A

Hartnup Disease Absorption

182
Q

Active form: Constituent of Coenzyme A

Used as cofactor for acyl transfers

A

Vitamin B5 - Pantothenate

183
Q

Dermatitis
Enteritis
Alopecia

A

Vit. B5 - Pantothenate Deficiency

184
Q

Active form: Pyrodixal phosphate

Used as coenzyme for: glycogen phosphorylase, cystathionine synthase, ALA synthase, synthesis of niacin from tryptophan

A

Vitamin B6 - Pyridoxine

185
Q

Isoniazid toxicity

A

Vit. B6 - Pyridoxine deficiency

186
Q

Active form: 5-deoxyadenosylcobalamin and Methylcobalamin

A

Vitamin B12 - Cobalamin

187
Q

Autoimmune destruction of parietal cells leading to decrease IF secretion and decrease Vit. B12 absorption
Early ssx: Megaloblastic anemia
Late ssx: Neuropsychiatric

A

Pernicious Anemia

188
Q

Structure: pterin ring + para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) + glutamate residues
Active form: tetrahydrofolate (THF)
Used as cofactor for 1-carbon transfer

A

Folic Acid

189
Q

Megaloblastic Anemia with no neurologic symptoms

A

Folic Acid Deficiency

190
Q

Used as cofactor for carboxylation reactions pyruvate carboxylase, acetyl CoA, propionyl CoA

A

Biotin

191
Q

Induced by avidin in egg whites
Dermatitis
Enteritis

A

Biotin Deficiency

192
Q

Used as a cofactor in hydroxylation of proline and lysine, dopamine β-hydroxylase

A

Vitamin C - Ascorbic Acid

193
Q

About 3-4 grams present in the body, 2/3 of which is in hemoglobin

A

Iron

194
Q

Loose teeth and sore gums, swollen joints, fragile vessels, anemia

A

Scurvy

195
Q

Storage form of iron in liver, spleen, bone marrow, intestinal mucosa, pancreas, myocardium

A

Ferritin

196
Q

Partially denatured derivative of ferritin; Predominates when tissue stores are high

A

Hemosiderin

197
Q

Iron transport protein in plasma

A

Transferrin

198
Q 
Most common micronutrient deficiency worldwide:
Decreased Total plasma iron
Decreased Transferrin saturation
Decreased Serum ferritin
Increased Total iron binding capacity
A

Iron Deficiency Anemia

199
Q 
Iron overload Syndrome: 
Increased Total plasma iron
Increased Transferrin saturation
Increased Serum ferritin
Increased Total iron binding capacity
A

Hemochromatosis

200
Q

Most abundant trace mineral in the body after iron;

Total body stores: 1.5-2.5 grams

A

Zinc

201
Q

Leads to dermatitis and poor wound healing, hair loss, neuropsychiatric impairements, decreased taste acuity, and in children, poor growth and testicular atrophy

A

Zinc deficiency

202
Q

Rare recessively inherited disease with dermatitis, diarrhea, and alopecia due to impaired intestinal zinc absorption

A

Acrodermatitis enteropathica

203
Q

About 80-110 mg in the adult human body; Major cofactor of enzymes that use either molecular oxygen or an oxygen derivative as one of their substrates

A

Copper

204
Q

Presents with microcytic hypochromic anemia, leukopenia, hemorrhagic vascular changes, bone demineralization, hypercholesterolemia and neurological problems

A

Copper deficiency

205
Q

X-linked recessive disorder caused by the deficiency of an ATP-dependent membrane transporter for copper

A

Menkes Syndrome

206
Q

Hepatolenticular degeneration; Intestinal absorption of copper is intact but its biliary excretion is blocked; Copper accumulation in liver and brain with resulting liver damage, neurological deterioration; Kayser-Fleischer Rings

A

Wilson Disease

207
Q

Stimulates the activity of many enzymes but can be replaced by magnesium in most cases

A

Manganese

208
Q

Excess can cause psychosis and parkinsonism

A

Manganese Madness

209
Q

Occurs in a few oxidase enzymes, including xanthine oxidase

A

Molybdenum

210
Q

In the form of selenocysteine, occurs in about in about 20 human proteins, including the antioxidant enzyme glutathione peroxidase

A

Selenium

211
Q

Low selenium content causing cardiomyopathy

A

Keshan Disease

212
Q

Halogen needed for synthesis of thyroid hormones

A

Iodine

Biochemistry (7 decks)

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