nitrogen compounds, polymers and synthesis Flashcards

1
Q

why are amines bases

A

they accept protons - the lone pair on nitrogen forms a dative covelewnt bond to an H+ ion from an acid.

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2
Q

what is the reagent needed to react a haloalkane with, to form an amine.

A

excess ammonia in ethanol

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3
Q

how can an aromatic amine be made, what kind of reaction is this, what reagent is needed. what small product is made

A

aromatic amine can be made by the reduction of nitrobenzene

reduction reactions

Sn/conc. HCl

H2O

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4
Q

what does an acyl chloride need to react with to make an amide, what small product is formed

A

needs to react with ammonia

HCl

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5
Q

what is the general structure of an amino acid

A

contain an amine group, and a carboxylic acid group.

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6
Q

what is a property of an amino acid

A

can behave as either acids or bases
bases - lone pair on nitrogen can accept H+ ions
carboxylic acids - can donate H+ ions.

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7
Q

what are optical isomers

A

non super imposable mirror images

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8
Q

what is a chiral centre

A

carbon with 4 different groups attached.

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9
Q

what is a stereoisomer

A

same structural formula different arrangement in space

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10
Q

how is a polyester usually made

A

reacting a dicarboxylic acid with a diol - makes H2O. sometimes a diacyl chloride can be used instead of carboxylic acid making HCl

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11
Q

how is a polyamide made - 2 ways

A

reacting a dicarboxylic acid with a diamine. makes H2O

reacting a diacyl dichloride and an amine. Makes HCl

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12
Q

why are condensation polymers more environmentally friendly

A

they are biodegradable as can be broken by hydrolysis or are photodegradable

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13
Q

what reagent is needed to make a nitrile from a haloalkane,
what type of mechanism is this, what small product is made

A

NaCN or KCN in ethanol

nucleophillic substitution

chlorine ion

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14
Q

how can a hydroxynitrile be made,
What type of mechanism is this

A

carbonyl (aldehyde or ketone) and NaCN/H+

nucleophilic addition

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15
Q

what reagent is needed to reduce a nitrile to an amine

A

H2 and Ni catalyst

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16
Q

what reagent is needed to hydrolyse nitriles to carboxylic acids

what product is made

A

heating with dilute HCl/H2O

NH4Cl

17
Q

outline how u would purify an organic liquid

A
  • collect by distillation
  • transfer to a separating funnel
  • wash with saturated sodium chloride solution
    -discard aqueous layer
  • collect organic layer (usually upper layer if less dense than water)
    -add a drying agent eg. anhydrous MgSO4
  • redistill and collect the fraction that boils at __
18
Q

outline how u would purify an organic solid

A

dissolve in the minimum amount of hot solvent
cool
filter under reduced pressure
wash with ice-cold solvent
dry eg. place in oven

19
Q

how could the melting point of an organic solid be used to assess its purity

A

solid is pure if:
melting point is close to known values
narrow melting point range

20
Q

what is the name of the funnel used to filter under reduced pressure

A

Buchner flask