Nitrogen Flashcards
what is the glucose-alanine cycle for
a process by which amino acids are transported to the liver from muscle
what is going on at the same time as the glucose-alanine cycle? and therefore what all is being formed?
glycolysis
amino acids and pyruvate
what happens in the muscles with amino acids during exercise?
Proteins are broken down into amino acids due to muscle damage
what is pyruvate converted into in muscles
alanine
how is N2 carried safely around the body
mainly glutamine but alanine if coming from muscle
where is alanine (or glutamine) transported in the blood to?
the liver
once in the liver what is Alanine converted to?
back to pyruvate and then in turn glutamate is produced as alpha ketoglutarate donates amino group to alanine
N2 from glutamate feeds into urea cycle as ammonia and binds with carbomoyl phosphate
once glutamate is produced in liver what happens to it
it can be excreted and feed into the urea cycle
it is excreted as NH4+ ammonia (N2 within it)
this later forms urea in the urea cycle
carbon skeleton is left- pyruvate
what 3 places can N2 come from in the body that feed centrally back to glutamante
alanine from muscles
amino acids from diet
other tissues in the body in form of glutamine
what molecule re-captures ammonia in the urea cycle? what does this produce? and what does the recapturing of ammonia prevent in the body?
carbamoyl phosphate and it produces citrulline
build of ammonia in the blood which can cause toxicity and result in brain damage
what is the second nitrogen acquiring reaction in the urea cycle? ie the second entry of N2
aspartate entering the urea cycle
what is the first nitrogen acquiring reaction in the urea cycle?
nitrogen coming from glucose alanine cycle as ammonia. Binds with carbomyl phosphate and it produces citrulline.
what happens to carbon skeletons (ie left over molecule once nitrogen has been removed)
they become major metabolic intermediates
can be glucogenic (gluconeogenesis) or ketogenic (C.A.C)
glucogenic intermediates
amino acids that feed into gluconeogenesis
ie produce glucose or glycogen in the liver (C.A.C)
ketogenic intermediates
amino acids that feed into acetoacetate (a principle ketone body) or acetyl CoA
ie they produce ketone bodies, acetyl CoA doesn’t enter the C.A.C as no NET synthesis of oxaloacetate