Nitrogen Flashcards

1
Q

what is the glucose-alanine cycle for

A

a process by which amino acids are transported to the liver from muscle

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2
Q

what is going on at the same time as the glucose-alanine cycle? and therefore what all is being formed?

A

glycolysis

amino acids and pyruvate

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3
Q

what happens in the muscles with amino acids during exercise?

A

Proteins are broken down into amino acids due to muscle damage

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4
Q

what is pyruvate converted into in muscles

A

alanine

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5
Q

how is N2 carried safely around the body

A

mainly glutamine but alanine if coming from muscle

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6
Q

where is alanine (or glutamine) transported in the blood to?

A

the liver

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7
Q

once in the liver what is Alanine converted to?

A

back to pyruvate and then in turn glutamate is produced as alpha ketoglutarate donates amino group to alanine
N2 from glutamate feeds into urea cycle as ammonia and binds with carbomoyl phosphate

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8
Q

once glutamate is produced in liver what happens to it

A

it can be excreted and feed into the urea cycle
it is excreted as NH4+ ammonia (N2 within it)
this later forms urea in the urea cycle
carbon skeleton is left- pyruvate

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9
Q

what 3 places can N2 come from in the body that feed centrally back to glutamante

A

alanine from muscles
amino acids from diet
other tissues in the body in form of glutamine

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10
Q

what molecule re-captures ammonia in the urea cycle? what does this produce? and what does the recapturing of ammonia prevent in the body?

A

carbamoyl phosphate and it produces citrulline

build of ammonia in the blood which can cause toxicity and result in brain damage

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11
Q

what is the second nitrogen acquiring reaction in the urea cycle? ie the second entry of N2

A

aspartate entering the urea cycle

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12
Q

what is the first nitrogen acquiring reaction in the urea cycle?

A

nitrogen coming from glucose alanine cycle as ammonia. Binds with carbomyl phosphate and it produces citrulline.

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13
Q

what happens to carbon skeletons (ie left over molecule once nitrogen has been removed)

A

they become major metabolic intermediates

can be glucogenic (gluconeogenesis) or ketogenic (C.A.C)

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14
Q

glucogenic intermediates

A

amino acids that feed into gluconeogenesis

ie produce glucose or glycogen in the liver (C.A.C)

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15
Q

ketogenic intermediates

A

amino acids that feed into acetoacetate (a principle ketone body) or acetyl CoA
ie they produce ketone bodies, acetyl CoA doesn’t enter the C.A.C as no NET synthesis of oxaloacetate

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16
Q

can amino acid carbon skeletons be ketogenic and glucogenic? if so examples

A

yes

isoleucine, tyrosine and phenylaline

17
Q

Nitrogen in the atmosphere

A

N2- ammonia- nitrite- nitrate which can then be taken up by plants and microbes
Humans cannot fix nitrogen

18
Q

how do humans conserve the N2 they have as they cannot fix nitrogen?

A

a process called transamination

the movement of amino groups between molecules (recycle it)

19
Q

transamination principles

A

no loss or gain of N2 just movement
if you put an amino group on a ketone you get an amino acid
readily reversible

20
Q

what is needed to enable transamination to be readily reversible?

A

enzymes- transaminases

these participate in synthesis and degradation of amino acids

21
Q

what do transaminases rely on

A

Pyridoxal phosphate cofactor (PLP)

need this bound to them to assist catalysis

22
Q

which vitamin is PLP made from

A

Vitamin B6

23
Q

what is L-glutamine’s purpose

A

temporary storage of nitrogen

can donate an amino group when needed for biosynthesis

24
Q

diagnosis: how does the presence of aminotransferases in the plasma help?

A

indicates cell damage - breakdown of proteins/amino acids

25
Q

which enzymes are particularly useful in diagnosis

A

AST and ALT- especially liver disease

26
Q

when does Amino acid oxidation occur- in which 3 circumstances?

A

to degrade leftover amino acids from normal protein turnover

to degrade dietry amino acids that exceed body’s protein synthesis needs

to break down and supply precursors for carb production during period of starvation etc

27
Q

what are inherited metabolic disorders?

A

Group of genetic diseases involving metabolic defects

typically result in deficiencies of key enzymes

28
Q

what is an example of a urea cycle disorder

A

OTC- sex linked inheritence

characterised by hyperammonaemia

29
Q

what are examples of amino acid disorders

A

PKU
MSUD
cystinuria

30
Q

what are examples of carbohydrate disorders

A

galactosemia

31
Q

what are 3 effects of enzyme defects

A

Decreased formation of the product

Accumulation of the substrate

Increased formation of other metabolites

32
Q

Metabolic disorders and inheritence

A

most IEMs show autosomal recessive inheritance

33
Q

what are some common clinical features of inherited metabolic disorders presenting in childhood

A
Acidosis
Failure to thrive
Vomiting, refusal of feeds, irritability
Central nervous system dysfunction
Hypoglycaemia
34
Q

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

A

increased Phenylalanine levels due to lacking a key enzyme- this gets converted into toxic side product which can pass through bbb

treatable
build up of metabolite before enzyme

35
Q

diagnosis of PKU

A

screening
quantitative amino acid analysis
blood tests