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SFM own flashcards > Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

what is the function of carbohydrates?

A

to store potential energy and yield it from them

cell-cell communication

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2
Q

what is a carbohydrate

A

organic molecule occurring in food and living tissues etc
sugars
soluble in water

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3
Q

what is a monosaccharide

A

simplest form of sugar
1 sugar monomer
examples are
glucose, fructose and galactose

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4
Q

disaccharide

A

2 sugar monomers joined by a glycosidic bond
OH and anomeric carbon usually join

maltose, lactose and sucrose

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5
Q

polysaccharide

A

a few monomers stitched together (large or small)

glycogen and starch

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6
Q

define anomeric

A

mirror images of each other

usually carbon number 1

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7
Q

why do we store glucose in polymers

A

compactness- highly ordered, neatly folded structure takes up less space
polymers aren’t really in solution which is good as free glucose would take in water surrounding it and cause the cell to burst
osmotic lysis

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8
Q

what is a glycoprotein

A

more protein than carbohydrate (sugar)

increases solubility
influences protein folding/confirmation
protect the protein from degradation

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9
Q

which amino acid contains sulfur atoms?

A

cysteine, methionine

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10
Q

what geometrical structure does the peptide bond show?

A

planar

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11
Q

what is not found in the glycogen molecule out of glycogenin and glycogen phosphorylase?

A

glycogen phosphorylase

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12
Q

what is glycogenin

A

enzyme involved in converting glucose to glycogen

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13
Q

what is glucose readily converted into once it enters any cell in the body

A

G-6-P so that it is trapped and can’t leave

don’t want free glucose leaving cells

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14
Q

where is free glucose generated at the end of gluconeogenesis

A

in the endoplasmic reticulum

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15
Q

why are fatty acid chains said to be energy rich molecules

A

they have lots of covalent bonds

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16
Q

how many moles of CO2 are produced on each turn of the C.A.C

A

2

17
Q

what is amylose

A

a polymer of glucose- makes up part of starch

18
Q

what can only liver glycogen do

A

provide glucose for other tissues

19
Q

in high levels of ATP what happens to pyruvate dehydrogenase?

A

it is inactivated

20
Q

oligomycin blocks proton transport through ATP synthase. What effect does this have on a) ATP synthesis and b) electron transport?

A

both a and b reduce

21
Q

hexokinase

A

enzyme that phosphorylates glucose to make G-6-P
low km due to high affinity for glucose
low Vmax
high prevelance in tissues

22
Q

glucokinase

A

high km
high Vmax
high prevelence in liver

23
Q

which 2 enzymes are important in first rate determining step of glycolysis

A

hexokinase

glukokinase

24
Q

when is hexokinase most prevalent?

A

in state of hypoglycemia (low blood glucose)
because of low km it requires less time to fill active sites- high affinity for substrate
low Vmax means if there is a high amount of glucose then there is a higher chance of saturation and becomes ineffective quickly
so works more effectively in lower concentrations of glucose

25
Q

when is glucokinase most prevalent?

A

has high km and high Vmax
this means it has a low affinity for glucose- more time taken for active sites to fill up
but a high Vmax means the capacity is v high- more active sites available for longer
works well in state of hyperglycaemia- more efficient than hexokinase in this state

26
Q

In vigorously working muscles glucose is converted to lactate. Why?

A

NAD+ levels in the cell are limited
When O2 is limited the oxidation of NADH to NAD+ (complex 1) by the electron transport chain is insufficient to maintain glycolysis so pyruvate cannot be made
diverted to make lactate

27
Q

insulin function and structure

A

a hormone that regulates glucose levels in the body
lack of insulin causes type 1 diabetes
structure stabilised by two disulfide bonds between peptide chains

28
Q

what is and alpha keto acid

A

it is simply the carbon skeleton of an α-amino-acid

29
Q

Structure and characteristics of glycogen

A

has alpha 1-4 linked subunits
alpha 1-6 branches

HIGHLY BRANCHED
high amounts found in liver and skeletal muscle
many non-reducing ends

30
Q

what do non-reducing ends mean for a polymer

A

it can be readily synthesised and degraded to and from monomers

31
Q

which two carbohydrates have a lot of non-reducing ends

A

glycogen

amylopectin (makes up starch with amylose)

32
Q

why are polymers not ‘in solution’

A

they are osmotically inactive
as if it was just free glucose, the glucose would move out the cell down its concentration gradient
so being in a polymer prevents the movement

33
Q

GAGs

A

mucus and synovial fluid
unbranched polymers
genetic disorder involving GAGs= mucopolysaccharidoses

34
Q

Hurler syndrome

A

clouding and degradation of cornea

dementia

SFM own flashcards (17 decks)

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