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SFM own flashcards > Life at cellular level > Flashcards

Life at cellular level Flashcards

1
Q

mitochondria

A

outer membrane contains pores
inner membrane has cristae
matrix contains binding sites for calcium and also most of the enzymes for oxidation of FA’s
have own circular DNA and own ribosomes

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2
Q

what are cristae

A

convoluted folds increase surface area to fit in more proteins

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3
Q

what are nucleoli

A

sites of rRNA synthesis and ribosomal production and assembly

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4
Q

what is rough Endoplasmic reticulum

A

inside the cell-

site of post-translational modifications to protein and transport

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5
Q

what is smooth Endoplasmic reticulum

A

used mainly to breakdown compounds either from inside the cell or ones that have been brought in e.g drugs and glycogen
or synthesise some like lipids

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6
Q

lysosome

A

used to separate enzymes from rest of cell

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7
Q

what is the cytoskeleton

A

a microscopic network of protein filaments and tubules in the cytoplasm

includes microfilaments, microtubules, intermediate filaments

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8
Q

what are microfilaments

A

made up of actin

break down actin for cell to move around

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9
Q

what are intermediate filaments

A

made up of fibrous proteins- tough

stabilise cell’s structures

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10
Q

what are microtubules

A

made up of tubulin protein
hollow cylinders
2 subunits alpha and beta tubulin

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11
Q

what are cilia and flagella made up of

A

microtubules

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12
Q

which elements make up 90% of humans

A

H
O
N
C

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13
Q

what type of bonds can carbon make

A

single
single and double
single, double and sometimes triple bonds with other C atoms

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14
Q

what do functional groups define

A

biomolecular function

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15
Q

how does the arrangement of atoms relate to the function of the molecule

A

c=c is a rigid confirmation- can only have two distinct configuration- cis and trans

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16
Q

how can you interconvert between cis and trans

A

by breaking bonds and reforming them

only way you can do this is through function of enzymes as it requires too much energy otherwise

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17
Q

what happens when rod proteins in the eye detect light

A

the light changes cis isomers (bent) to straight by an enzyme

this is a time dependent reversal process- temporary blindness

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18
Q

what are the two forms of chiral centre

A

Laevo- L (left handed)

Dextro- D (right handed)

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19
Q

which type of amino acids are all proteins made from

A

L-amino acids only

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20
Q

bonds that can rotate allow many different what?

A

conformations

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21
Q

what are the 5 chemical reactions of life

A 
REDOX
making and breaking C-C bonds
internal rearrangements 
group transfers
condensation and hydrolysis
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22
Q

how many H+ atoms are usually transferred in dehydrogenation reactions?

A

2

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23
Q

what is an example of making/breaking C-C bonds

A

cleavage of Glucose in the glycolysis pathway

24
Q

what bond links nucleotide monomers together?

A

3’,5’- phosphodiester bonds

25
Q

which bases come under ‘purine’? and what are purines like

A

A and G

flat, double rings

26
Q

which bases come under ‘pyrimidines’? and what are pyrimidines like

A

flat, single rings

C and T and uracil

27
Q

what structure do bases take on in DNA that allows the double helix

A

flat planar

28
Q

how many bonds are there between G-C

A

3

29
Q

how many bonds are there between A-T

A

2

30
Q

starch and glycogen are both polymers of what?

A

D-glucose

31
Q

why is D-glucose termed a reducing sugar?

A

linear form has aldehyde group that can be oxidised and if it is then the other reactant would be reduced so glucose is termed a reducing sugar

32
Q

1st law of thermodynamics

A

energy can’t be created or removed

it can only be transformed or transferred

33
Q

2nd law of thermodynamics

A

energy transformations ultimately lead to a more disordered universe

34
Q

define entropy

A

degree of disorder within a closed system

35
Q

what is a useless form of energy

A

heat- once produced, it can’t be brought back

36
Q

if reactions within cells release heat what does this do to the environment outside the cell

A

creates disorder outside our cells

37
Q

how can spontaneous reactions occur

A

if a system gives up energy or becomes more random and increases in entropy

38
Q

Gibbs free energy equation

A

G=H-TS

used to measure free (potential) energy

39
Q

if it’s a spontaneous reaction what must happen to the enthalpy and entropy

A

enthalpy must decrease

entropy must increase

40
Q

how is glucose broken down in the body

A

sequentially

41
Q

approx how much of human is made up of water

A

approx by mass 60%

most in ICF (2/3)

42
Q

how is heat dissipitated in the body

A

by water

43
Q

when are H bonds strongest

A

when 3 atoms involved are in a straight line

44
Q

protein-enzyme interaction and water

A

so protein and enzyme have shell of water molecules around them
when substrate moves close to binding site- a lot of disorder is created and this allows things to react

45
Q

what is the hydrophobic effect

A

non- polar molecules arrange themselves in H20 so as to minimise disruption of H bonding surrounding H20 molecules.
highly ordered water molecules form cages around hydrophobic alkyl chains

46
Q

amphipathic

A

are both polar and non-polar

fatty acids

47
Q

lipids and water

A

only the lipid hydrophobic chain part causes hydrophobic effect- H20 becomes highly disordered around here

48
Q

how do phospholipids further minimise disruption of H bonds in H20 molecules

A

by forming micelles or bilayers

49
Q

liposome

A

spherical configuration
bilayer, hydrophobic tails tucked in centre
useful for drug delivery

50
Q

what is the dissociation constant of water

A

Kw= 1.0 x 10^(-14)

51
Q

strong acids

A

HCl

fully dissociate into ions

52
Q

what is the Henderson-hasslebalch equation

A

pH = pKa + log [A-]/[HA]

indicates the amount of weak acid or conjugate base are in a biological system

53
Q

give an example of buffer system in the plasma

A

the bicarbonate buffer system

without B.B.S pH in body would fluctuate wildly as lactic acid product would lower plasma pH
function:- neutralise gastric acid and stabilise the intracellular pH of epithelial cells

54
Q

how can HH equation be used clinically

A

by calculating how the pH of a physiological solution responds to changes in either conjugate acid or base then you can see what state someone is in physiologically

respiratory/ metabolic acidosis and alkalosis

55
Q

acidosis

A

excessively acidic conditions in body fluids/tissues

alkalosis is opposite

56
Q

which buffer system is important in your cells

A

phosphate buffer system

SFM own flashcards (17 decks)

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