formative sfm

Question 1

Why do energetically unfavourable reactions proceed?

Answer 1

they are coupled to catabolic reactions

Question 2

What is a nucleotide composed of?

Answer 2

Base + ribose sugar + phosphate

Question 3

Which of the following is not found the lipid membrane surrounding eukaryotic cells? 
carbs
cholesterol 
ion channels
receptors
ribosomes

Answer 3

Ribosomes

Question 4

What is the dissociation constant for water?

Answer 4

1x10 -14 (mol/L)2.

Question 5

The amino acid sequence forms which structure of a protein?

Answer 5

Primary

Question 6

How does an enzyme increase the rate of spontaneous reaction?

Answer 6

It decreases activation energy

Question 7

What type of bonds link monomers of carbohydrates together?

Answer 7

Glycosidic bonds

Question 8

What is the net number of ATP molecules generated following catabolism of 1 mole of glucose to lactate?

Answer 8

2

Question 9

Ingesting alcohol reduces which one of the following intermediates, particularly in the liver?

Answer 9

NAD+

Question 10

Which molecule transports electrons between complex II and IV of the electron transport chain?

Answer 10

cytochrome c

Question 11

What mechanism does ATPase utilise in order to generate ATP?

Answer 11

Binding- change mechanism

Question 12

Which vitamin is a monosaccharide?

Answer 12

Vitamin C

Question 13

Excess acetyl Co A from fatty acids gives rise to the formation of what?

Answer 13

ketones

Question 14

Which amino acid is central to nitrogen entering the body?

Answer 14

Glutamate

Question 15

Which cycle is important in nitrogen metabolism?

Answer 15

glucose- alanine cycle

Question 16

The bony skeleton is composed of axial and appendicular elements. Which structure forms part of the appendicular skeleton? 
calcaneus
ribs
cervical vertebrae
sacrum
xiphisternum

Answer 16

Calcaneus (bone on foot)

appendicular- bones of the limbs + clavicle

Question 17

If a person drinks one litre of water, how will it be distributed across the extracellular and intracellular fluid compartments?

Answer 17

Approximately 1/3 will enter the extracellular fluid and 2/3 will enter the intracellular fluid

Question 18

If red blood cells were placed in a solution of 30mM urea and 170mM NCl what would happen?

Answer 18

it will shrink
ignore urea as it’s not effective osmole
340 is higher than 300 norm
they shrink lose water to external environment

Question 19

What is directly responsible for the generation of the resting membrane potential?

Answer 19

The permeability of the resting membrane to K+ (leaky k+ channels)

Question 20

Which type of membrane potential is self-propagated?

Answer 20

Action potential

Question 21

What property characterises the end-plate potential?

Answer 21

It is always large enough to evoke an action potential in the muscle

Question 22

The thick filaments of skeletal muscle are composed of which protein?

Answer 22

Myosin

Question 23

What mediates the increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration that triggers contraction of skeletal muscle?

Answer 23

Release of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum

Question 24

An antagonist at a pharmacological receptor is likely to have what combination of affinity and efficacy?

Answer 24

High affinity and no efficacy

Question 25

Which of the following is a characteristic of the sympathetic nervous system?

Answer 25

Spinal out flow is thoraco-lumbar

Question 26

What effect does activation of the parasympathetic system cause?

Answer 26

An increase in gut motility
starts digesting- parasympathetic is rest and digest
energy stores

Question 27

At the neuromuscular junction, what drug acts by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase?

Answer 27

Neostigmine

Question 28

What is the physiological significance of co-activation of alpha and gamma motor neurons innervating skeletal muscle?

Answer 28

it ensures that the sensitivity of the muscle spindle is retained

Question 29

29. What are the Golgi tendon organs stimulated by and what reflex does this produce?

Answer 29

Increased tension which causes relaxation of the muscle

Question 30

Viral infection would typically cause elevated levels of which blood cell type?

Answer 30

Lymphocytes