Nightingale and Watson Flashcards
Often called the “Lady with the Lamp” and the “Angel of Crimea”
Florence Nightingale
Environment based on Nightingale’s Theory
external conditions and forces that can influence:
- the life and development of an organism
- prevent, suppress, or contribute to disease or death
What is the goal of Nightingale in her theory?
To help the patient retain his vitality by MEETING HIS BASIC NEEDS through CONTROL OF THE ENVIRONMENT
Types of Environment
Physical - WHERE the patient is treated
Psychological - various activities to keep the MIND active e.g. communication
Social - HOME/HOSPITAL ROOM/COMMUNITY
10 CANONS/MAJOR CONCEPTS OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL THEORY
Mnemonics: Ven-LiCH-BeP-VOFoS
Ventilation and Warming
Light and Noise
Cleanliness of the area
Health of Houses
Bed and Bedding
Personal Cleanliness
Variety
Offering hope and advice
Food
Social considerations
Ventilation
The air that the patient breathes must be pure; no foul odor or effluvia
Warming
Room temperature must not be too warm or not too cold
Light
what patients wanted (sunlight)
sunlight has quite real and tangible effects on the human body
Noise
Patients should never be waked intentionally
whispers or long conversations about patients are thoughtless and cruel
Health of Houses
presence of pure air and water, efficient drainage, cleanliness, and light
Cleanliness of the Area
affects the health of the person’s inside the house
Bed and bedding
the bed should be placed in the lightest part of the room so that the patient can see outside the window.
caregivers should never lean against, sit upon, or unnecessarily shake the bed
Personal cleanliness
Nurses are ought to wash hands very frequently during the day
Variety
there is a need for changes in color and form such as:
bringing flowers
paintings and engravings
reading, needlework, writing, cleaning activities to relieve boredom
offering hope and advice
false hope was depressing to patients
the sick should hear good news that would assist them to become healthier
Food (Nutrition)
frequent small servings may be more beneficial to the patient rather than a large bfast or dinner
social considerations
looking beyond the person’s social environment in which s/he lives
petty management
continuity of care when the nurse is absent
food intake (different from nutrition)
food intake must be monitored and reported
Observation of the sick
everything must be well-documented
Nursing
placing the patient in the best possible condition
DYS-EASE (lack of ease)
Person
Patient
has a vital reparative power to deal with a disease: recovery is within the person’s power
Health
Health is maintained by controlling the environmental factors to prevent disease
6Ds
Damp
Diet
Dirt
Drink
Draught
Drain
Environment
The environment could be altered for healing to occur
How much is the decrease in mortality rate because of Nightingale during the Crimean war?
42.7% to 2.2%
Environmental Theory for today’s nurses
light, music, relaxation, aromatherapy, touch, music therapy, pet therapy, health nutrition, and exercise
where can Environmental theory be used?
Anywhere in the hospital setting
Jean Watson’s Theory?
Theory of Human Caring
Philosophy of Transpersonal Caring
What events in Watson’s life mainly contributed to her theory?
Eye injury and;
Death of husband
Watson’s theory is concerned on?
how nurses express care to their patients
Transpersonal
human-to-human relation in which the nurse affects and is affected by the person of each other
Nursing model states that
nursing is concerned with promoting health, preventing illness, caring for the sick, and restoring health
What is central to nursing practice?
CARING
Where is Watson’s theory based from?
human interactive process recognizing the spiritual and ethical dimensions relevant to human care process
7 assumptions of theory of human caring
- caring can be effectively demonstrated and practiced INTERPERSONALLY
- caring consists of carative factors that result in the satisfaction of human needs
- effective caring promotes health and individual/family growth
- Caring responses accept the patient as he or she is now
- caring environment is one that offers the development of potential while allowing the patient to choose the best action for him or herself
- caring is complementary to curing
- caring is central to nursing
Watson’s 4 Metaparadigm
Human: valued person in and of him or herself to be cared for
Heaalth: high level of overall physical, mental, and social functioning; absence of illness
Nursing: science of persons and health-illness experience that are mediated by professional personal, scientific, and ethical care interactions.
Carative Factors - Caritas process (love and charity)
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embrace - loving-kindness
inspire - enabling and sustaining the deep belief system
trust - cultivation
nurture - sustaining a helping trusting authentic caring relationship
forgive - expression of positive and negative feelings as a connection with deeper spirit
deepen - Creative use of self and all ways
balance - Engaging in genuine teaching-learning experience
co-create - creating a healing environment
minister - Assisting with basic needs, with an intentional caring consciousness
open - Opening and attending to spiritual-mysterious and existential dimensions of one’s own life-death
Watson’s Hierarchy of Needs
Biophysical - food, fluid, elimination, ventilation
Psychophysical - activity, inactivity, sexuality
Psychosocial - achievement, affiliation
[HIGHEST] Intrapersonal-Interpersonal Need - self actualization
