History and Philosophy of Science

Question 1

logical, systematic, & coherent way to solve problems and answer questions

collection of facts known in area and the process used to obtain that knowledge

Answer 1

Nursing as Science

Question 2

studies concepts that structure thought processes, foundations, and presumptions

Answer 2

Philosophy

Question 3

branch of philosophy that deals with the nature and scope of knowledge edge

Answer 3

Epistemology

Question 4

what is priori reasoning?

Answer 4

DEDUCTIVE REASONING
general to specific knowledge
cause to effect
theory then research

proper advancing to knowledge

Question 5

power of reason or logic
use of priori reasoning

Answer 5

rationalism

Question 6

Planned interventions must have

Answer 6

reasons before actual implementation

Question 7

In rationalism, opinions and beliefs should be based

Answer 7

on reason and knowledge

Question 8

knowledge that uses objective and tangible data - perceived by senses

Answer 8

Empiricism

Question 9

Empiricism use what type of reasoning

Answer 9

Inductive type of reasoning/posteriori/specific to general

Question 10

Use of both logical reasoning and empiricism

Answer 10

positivism

Question 11

what data co-exist w/ eo since the focus of interest of study adds one of each need to be tested in order to determine as to what is true

Answer 11

Empirical and objective data

Question 12

radical thinking

Answer 12

rationalism and empiricism

Question 13

Michael Fouault

Answer 13

empirical knowledge was arranged in different patterns at a given time and in a given culture

Question 14

Alfred Schutz

Answer 14

scientists seeking to understand the social world could not cognitively know anexternal world that is independent of their own life experiences

Question 15

Edmund Husserl

Answer 15

phenomenological approach reduces observations or text to the meanings of phenomena, independent of their particular occasions (focused on the lived meanings of experiences)

Question 16

Richard Brown

Answer 16

the history of science was replacing formal logic as the major analytical tool in the philosophy of science

Question 17

threedifferent views of the relationship between theory and observation according to brown

Answer 17

1. scientists are merely passive observers
2. theories structure what scientists perceive in the empirical world
3. pre-supposed theories and observable data interact in the process of scientific investigation

Question 18

4 stages of the years of progress in nursing by Afaf Meleis

Answer 18

1. practice
2. education and administration
3. research
4. development of nursing theory

Question 19

developed the first theory of nursing practice in her book, Interpersonal Relations in Nursing

Answer 19

Hildegard Peplau

Question 20

Four fundamental patterns of knowledge in Nursing (Barbara Carper, 1978)

Answer 20

1. Empirical (Nursing SCIENCE)
2. Esthetic (Nursing as an ART)
3. Moral (ETHICS in Nursing)
4. Personal (Therapeutic use of Self)

Question 21

Synthesis of theories derived from different sources of knowledge

Answer 21

Encourage the use of:
1. different types of knowledge
2. use of different methodologies
3. Accommodate nurses at different levels of clinical competence
4. Promote high-quality client care & client satisfaction