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Commercial > Night Flying > Flashcards

Night Flying Flashcards

1
Q

Retina

A

Back portion of the eye, contains receptors which record an image and send to brain

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2
Q

Cones (color)

A
  • center of the fovea
  • further away from the fovea, then cones diminish
  • purpose is to direct color and detail
  • primarily for central vision (10 degrees)
  • focal point- sensitive to color but not light
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3
Q

Rods (light)

A
  1. Primarily responsible for dark adaption
    - rhodopsin (visual purple) is produced by rods to make them more sensitive to light (10000X’s)
    - can take up to 30 minutes to adapt
    - avoid bright light prior to flight
    - use red or low light in flight
  2. Rods are peripheral, requiring offset scanning 5-10 degrees
    - light enters trough lens
    - peripheral transmitted to rods (sensitive to light but not color)
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4
Q

Adaption to changing light

A
  1. Rhodopsin (visual purple is what allows eyes to see in the dark
  2. Can take rods 30 minutes to completely form
  3. Preservation of night vision:
    - avoid bright lights
    - above 5000’ use supplemental O2 (rhodopsin uses O2
    - smoking will inhibit dark adaption. As altitude increases, O2 available for dark adaption decreases. Use recommended supplemental O2
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5
Q

Correction of eye during adaption

A
  1. Night scanning:
    - off center viewing to expose rods to image
    - focusing with peripherals
    - short eye movements 10 degree intervals
    - scan for movement and lights
    - avoid looking directly at an object or fixating. retina will adapt to image and fade
  2. Allow 30 minutes prior to night flight for dark adaption to fully form
  3. Avoid bright lights
  4. Use flashlight for preflight inspection
  5. Ensure windows are clean and streak free (dirt and streaks glare)
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6
Q

Illusions (Autokinesis)

A
  • focusing on a light for a long period of time will make that light appear to move
  • unknowingly the pilot will align A/C with light
  • avoidance it to continue scanning
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7
Q

Illusions (false horizon)

A
  1. Lighting on the ground or stars may cause illusion of false horizon
    - terrain, slopping clouds, ground lighting
  2. Pilot orients aircraft to match false horizon
  3. Trust instruments and maintain scan
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8
Q

Illusions (flickering vertigo)

A
  • light passing through or reflecting from MR blades
  • creates flashing light that may cause dizziness, nausea, or convulsions
  • anti-collision light may cause this, if necessary turn off temporary
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9
Q

Illusions (Night myopia/empty field myopia)

A
  • I’m dark featureless environment, eye relaxes and focuses 10 to 30 feet ahead
  • maintain constant scan, focus of various distances
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10
Q

Illusions (featureless terrain)

A
  • snow, sand, or water

- unaware pilot thinks they are higher then they actually are

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11
Q

Illusions (penetration of fog)

A
  • illusion of pitching up
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12
Q

Illusions (depth perception)

A
  1. Is unreliable
  2. It relies on rods at night:
    - rods to not detect distance or rate of closure as well as cones
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13
Q

Illusions (approach to landing)

A
  • bright airport lighting may lead to higher then normal approach
  • absence of visual references may lead to lower then normal approach
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14
Q

Illusions (landing illusions)

A
  1. Slopping runways
    - down slopped runway: pilot ends up flying to steep of an approach
    - upslope runway: pilot flies to shallow of an approach
  2. Runway width illusion
    - wider then normal: pilot ends up to steep
    - narrower then normal: pilot ends up to shallow
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15
Q

Illusions 9 types

A
  1. Autokinesis
  2. False horizon
  3. Flickering vertigo
  4. Night myopia/empty field myopia
  5. Featureless terrain
  6. Penetration of fog
  7. Depth perception
  8. Approach to land
  9. Landing illusions
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16
Q

Personal lighting devices

A
  1. Use flashlight for preflight inspection
    - use strong white light, headlamp recommend
  2. Red light in cockpit may wash out charts
  3. Use map light when available and necessary
  4. Red light is the best light to use when flying at night
17
Q

Equipment requirements FAA (FLAPA) Robinson (NAIL)

A

FAA required
F- fuses (spare set, accessible in flight)
L- landing light (if operated for hire)
A- anti-collision light
P- position lights
A- adequate source of electrical energy to power systems
position lights required from sunset to sunrise
Robinson required
N- navigation lights
A- anti-collision strobe
I- instrument lights
L- landing light
Ability to maintain visual reference to ground objects illuminated solely by the ground or adequate celestial illumination

18
Q

Location of aircraft navigation lighting

A
  1. Position lights
  2. Required from sunset to sunrise
    - red light on left side
    - green light on right side
    - white light located on tail
  3. If you see a green light and red light
    - aircraft is moving towards you
  4. See only green light
    - other AC is moving left to right direction
  5. See only red light
    - other AC is moving right to left
  6. Night operations require aircraft to be:
    - clearly illuminated
    - have position lights
    - be in an area marked by obstruction lights
19
Q

Airport beacons

A
  1. Civilian- green/white
  2. Military- green/white/yellow
  3. Heliport- green/yellow/white
  4. Water- yellow/white
20
Q

Pilot controlled lighting

A
  1. When equipped, may be activated by pilot on CTAF freq
  2. Activating by clicking transmit switch
  3. 3 levels of intensity:
    - low- 3 clicks
    - medium: 5 clicks
    - high: 7 clicks
  4. For 15 minutes
21
Q

Taxiway lighting

A
  1. Edge lights: blue
    - note NVG cannot see blue light
  2. Centerline lights
    - steady burning green light
22
Q

Runway lighting

A
  1. Runway centerline
    - white until last 3000’
    - white/red until last 1000’
    - red until runway end
  2. Runway edge lights
    - white until last 2000’ (most airports)
    - yellow last 2000’ for instrument runways
  3. 3 intensities:
    - low: LIRL
    - medium: MIRL
    - high: HIRL
  4. End of runways indicated by red/green lights
    - red indicates departure end for departing AC
    - green indicates approach end for approaching AC
23
Q

REIL (runway end identifier lights)

A
  • provides rapid and positive ID of the approach end of the runway
  • consists of a pair of synchronized flashing lights located laterally on each side of the runway threshold
24
Q

ALS (approach light system)

A
  • begin at threshold and extend towards approach area
  • used to transition from IFR to VFR
  • various configurations
25
Q

VASI (visual approach slop identifier)

A
  1. Provide visual descent guidance during approach
  2. Visible from 3-5 miles day, 20 Miles night
  3. Provides obstruction clearance of 10 degrees from centerline out to 4 NM
  4. Use red and white lights
    - all red (your dead) below the glide path
    - all white (out of site) above glide path
    - red on white (your all right) on glide path
26
Q

2 bar VASI

A
  • provides 3 degree glide slope

- uses 2 rows of lights

27
Q

3 bar VASI

A
  1. Provides 2 separate glide slopes
  2. Near and middle indicate 3 degree
  3. Middle and far indicate 3 1/4 degree
    - higher glide slope intended for high cockpit aircraft
28
Q

Tri color VASI

A
  1. Uses a single light
  2. Changes color depending on glide path:
    - Red = below glide path
    - Green = on glide path
    - Amber = above glide path
  3. Visual from 1/2 mi day, 5 mile night
29
Q

Pulsating VASI

A
  1. Uses a single light
  2. Changes color and flashes depending on glide path:
    - Flashing red = below glide path
    - Solid red = slightly below glide path
    - Solid white= on glide path
    - Flashing white= above glide path
  3. Visible from 4 mi day, 10 mi night
30
Q

PAPI (precision approach path indicator)

A
  1. Uses single row of two or four light
  2. Red/white
    Red on right, white on left:
    - All red = below glide path
    - 3 red, 1 white= slightly below
    - 2 red, 2 white= on glide path
    - 1 red, 3 white= slightly above
    - all white = above the glide path
  3. Visible from 5 mi day, 20mi night
31
Q

Other lighting info
Red obstruction lights
High intensity white obstruction lights
Dual lighting

A
  1. Check A/FD or any NOTAMS to find out available lighting systems
    Aviation obstructions:
  2. Red obstruction lights
    - flashing red beacons, and steady burning aviation red lights
  3. High intensity white obstruction lights:
    - flashing high intensity for day time
    - reduced intensity for twilight and night time
  4. Dual lighting:
    - combo of flashing red beacons and steady burning red lights for night time operations, and flashing high intensity white lights for daytime ops
32
Q

Switches, fuses, circuit breakers pertinent to night ops

A

Fuses:

  • a spare set of each kind used
  • must be accessible in flight
33
Q

High altitude performance considerations

A
  1. OGE/IGE hover ceiling
  2. Limited power/lift
  3. Supplemental oxygen regs
  4. Enroute high altitude charts above 18000’ MSL
  5. Advantages:
    - better visibility
    - less turbulence
    - above weather
    - reduced chance for icing
    - capability to see and avoid thunderstorms
34
Q

Components of the eye

A
  1. Retina
  2. Cones
  3. Rods

Commercial (24 decks)

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