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Drugs💊🤪 > Nicotine (Final Exam) > Flashcards

Nicotine (Final Exam) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the psychoactive ingredient in tobacco (natural source)?

A

Nicotine

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2
Q

Why were cigarettes the dominate form of tobacco consumption in the 20th century?

A

It was due to new curing methods and invention of cigarette machine

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3
Q

What percentage of US adults use some tobacco product?

A

About 20%

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4
Q

What are the three routes of nicotine administration?

A

Smoking/Vaping, By mouth, By nose

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5
Q

What is the quickest way to get nicotine into your system? Why?

A

Smoking because it is absorbed via the lungs

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6
Q

What are the names of the methods for oral administration of nicotine?

A

chew, dip, snus

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7
Q

What is the name of the method for nasal administration of nicotine?

A

snuff

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8
Q

True or False: E-cigarettes are safer than cigarettes

A

False! There are harmful additives in the E-cigarette cartirages

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9
Q

Smoking/Vaping causes nicotine to hit brain very fast. How quickly does nicotine get to the brain?

A

7 seconds

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10
Q

Which is a faster route of administration: smoking or IV?

A

Smoking

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11
Q

Nicotine is mostly metabolized into ______ by a cytochrome P450 enzyme

A

Cotinine

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12
Q

Individual variation in the expression of this cytochrome P450 enzyme (metabolizes nicotine):

A
  • Half-life of nicotine averages at 2 hours, but varies among individuals
    -People with reduced nicotine metabolism are less likely to become smokers
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13
Q

nicotine is a (agonist or antagonist) at nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs)

A

agonist

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14
Q

nicotine is an agonist at nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), which are ionotropic receptors found in the…?

A

-Brain and spinal cord
-autonomic nervous system
- neuromuscular junction

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15
Q

Acetylcholine is implicated in cortical function related to what 2 things? (ref. nicotine effects on cognition)

A

sustained attention and memory

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16
Q

True or False: Nicotine can enhance performance of attention demanding tasks

A

True

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17
Q

What type of animal showed enhanced performance on cognitive tasks with nicotine?

A

Rat

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18
Q

What does smoking do for mood according to smokers?

A

relaxes them, alleviates stress, and helps concentration

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19
Q

The mood effects reported by smokers are hypothesized to be partially associated with relief from what?

A

Withdrawal

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20
Q

What causes a high dose of nicotine to produce unpleasant symtpoms?

A

Largely due to autonomic actions of nicotine, but strong tolerance to these actions

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21
Q

Lethal doses of nicotine are rare, but what is the mechanism of death of nicotine?

A

It kills through depolarization block of muscles involved in respiration (similar to nerve gas)

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22
Q

Are withdrawal symptoms of nicotine the same or opposite to acute drug effects?

A

Opposite

23
Q

What do regular smokers feel when they don’t smoke?

A

irritability, stress, and difficulty concentrating

24
Q

What is acute tolerance of nicotine due to?

A

Desensitization of nicotinic receptors (nAChR)

25
Q

Chronic tolerance lasts a long or short time after smoking cessation?

A

a long time

26
Q

Pharmacodynamic tolerance of nicotine:

A

nAChRs have decreased funciton

27
Q

Harmful effects of chronic use of nicotine:

A
  • premature death
    -increased risk for lung disease, cardiovascular diseases, and cognitive deficits
28
Q

What is the precursor of Acetylcholine?

A

Choline (vitamin found in many foods)

29
Q

What enzyme synthesizes Acetylcholine?

A

Choline acetyl-transferase (ChAT)

30
Q

What happens during the degredation of ACh?

A

acetylcholinesterase (AChE) metabolizes ACh into choline and acetic acid

31
Q

What is the vesicular transporter of ACh called?

A

vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT)

32
Q

How is ACh inactivated?

A

First by Metabolism and THEN Uptake

33
Q

Inactivation of ACh process:

A

ACh undergoes rapid degradation/metabolism by AChE, converting it back to choline. Then, choline is then taken up by the choline transporter and is used to make more ACh

34
Q

Types of receptors for ACh:

A

Muscarinic and Nicotinic

35
Q

Are muscarinic ACh receptors (mAChRs) ionotropic or metabotropic?

A

Metabotropic (GPCRs)

36
Q

Are nicotinic ACh receptors (nAChRs) ionotropic or metabotropic?

A

ionotropic (ion channels)

37
Q

What makes up a Nicotinic ACh receptor?

A

It is a pentameric ligand-gated cation channel, so 5 subunits

38
Q

Brain nAChRs:

A

-consist of 2 alpha subunits and 3 beta subunits OR just 5 alpha subunits
-binds to nicotine with higher affinity

39
Q

Muscle nAChRs:

A

have 2 ACh binding sites

40
Q

What type of cation channels do nicotinic ACh receptors have?

A

mostly Na+ in the periphery; NA+ and Ca2+ in the brain

41
Q

Effect of nicotinic ACh receptors presynaptically and postsynaptically

A

Postsynaptically: rapid depolarization (EPSPs) that increase neuronal firing or contract muscle

Presynaptically: enhance release of neurotransmitters

42
Q

Desensitization of nicotinic ACh receptors

A

nAChRs desensitize with continuous exposure to agonist (the channel closes); this is reversible. Causes acute tolerance to nicotine

43
Q

Is nicotine self-administered by animals?

A

yes

44
Q

Nicotine (increases /decreases) firing activity of DA cells in VTA. Does this cause more or less DA release at terminals in the nucleus accumbens?

A

increases; more

45
Q

What are the nAChr subtypes?

A

alpha4Beta2 and alpha7

46
Q

what are the different effects of the nAChR subtypes alpha4Beta2 and alpha7?

A

alpha4Beta2: contains receptors involved in rewarding effects of nicotine

alpha7: contains receptors involved in cognitive (attention) effects of nicotine

47
Q

What route of administration leads to occupancy of alpha4Beta2 nAChRs?

A

smoking

48
Q

The knockout of which nAChR subunit does not impair the desire to self-administer nicotine intravenously?

A

the knockout of alpha7

(alpha4, alpha6, and Beta2 all impaired self administration)

49
Q

alpha7-containing receptors are important for nicotine effects on ________.

A

attention

50
Q

Menthol effects on nicotine:

A
  • menthol intensified nicotine withdrawal symptoms
    -menthol increased alpha4Beta2 nAChRs (even without nicotine)
51
Q

What two factors contribute to nicotine addiciton?

A

Psychological (cue-induced craving) and pharmacological (dependence)

52
Q

NRT helps treat dependence and withdrawal. What does NRT stand for?

A

Nicotine Replacement Therapy

53
Q

What treatment options target withdrawal AND craving?

A

-Buproprion (weak nAChR antagonist)

  • Varenicline (partial agonist at alpha4/Beta2 receptors & is the most effective treatment)

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