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Drugs💊🤪 > Marijuana (Final Exam) > Flashcards

Marijuana (Final Exam) Flashcards

1
Q

cannabinoids are concentrated in which part of the female plant?

A

the sticky, yellow resin part of the top

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2
Q

What is the most important psychoactive compound in cannabis?

A

Delta9-THC

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3
Q

Types of cannabinoids

A

Delta9-THC, cannabinol, cannabidiol (CBD)

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4
Q

If prevent pollination and seeding in female plants, THC content is (increased or decreased)?

A

increased

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5
Q

what does sinsemilla translate to?

A

without seeds

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6
Q

How much was the typical % THC content in marijuana in the 2010s?

A

8-12%

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7
Q

Concentrated forms of THC

A

Hashish = dried resin concentration consisting of trichomes (the plant part with the biggest THC content)/ 20-60% THC

Hash oil = alcoholic extraction from hashish

Dab = includes other extractions from cannabis. Can be >90% THC

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8
Q

Routes of administration for cannabis

A

-Smoking
-20-30% THC can be
absorbed
-Vaping
-Eating
-low absorption of THC
due to first-pass
metabolism in stomach
and liver (but metabolic
products are even
stronger)

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9
Q

What is one of the earliest cultivated non-food plants that was used for ropes and ship sails?

A

Cannabis sativa (Hemp)

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10
Q

When did recreational use and intoxication of cannabis become common in the US?

A

1900s

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11
Q

What did anti-marijuana propaganda call cannabis in the 1930s?

A

a social menace

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12
Q

When did cannabis become very popular with counterculture?

A

1960s-70s

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13
Q

Cannabis is the most popular _____ drug in the US

A

illicit (scheudle 1)

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14
Q

Potential medical uses of cannabis

A

-treatment of glaucoma
-antiemetic
-appetite stimulant
-anticonvulsant
-analgesic

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15
Q

Cannabidiol (CBD) definition

A

thought to have similar benefits as THC without strong psychoactive effects

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16
Q

What is the approved use of synthetic THC in the US

A

treatment of nausea and anorexia in AIDS and cancer patients

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17
Q

What is CBD medication used for in children?

A

severe epilepsy

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18
Q

What does it mean that cannabinoids ar highly lipid soluble?

A

It means that it crosses the membrane easily

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19
Q

Distribution

A

-THC reaches brain quickly after inhalation
-distributes to fat stores (depot binding), causing rapid decrease in peak blood concentration. This results in a 20-30 hours half life

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20
Q

Does oral THC have slower or faster effects?

A

slower

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21
Q

How long can drug tests detect THC for after stopping?

A

more than 2 weeks (and even longer if there is repeated use

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22
Q

Where does metabolism occur?

A

metabolism is mostly in the liver

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23
Q

What is 11-hydroxy-THC

A

Active metabolic porduct after oral consumption of delta9-THC (first-pass metabolism), more potent than delta9-THC itself

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24
Q

What is 11-nor-9-carboxy-THC

A

Inactive metabolite used in drug test

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25
Q

THC effects of low to moderate doses: Behavior and Mood

A

-disinhibition, relaxation, drowsiness, floating sensation
-enhanced feeling of well being, euphoria
-impaired short-term memory
-impaired time estimation and reaction time

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26
Q

THC effects of low to moderate doses: Physiological

A

-increased hunger (“munchies”) - very reliable effect
-decreased muscle strength, small tremor
-increased heart rate (pounding)
-increased blood flow (causes red eyes, good for glaucoma)

27
Q

THC effects of high doses: Behavior and Mood

A

-increasingly disorganized thoughts, confusion
-paranoia, agitation
-anxiety (dependent on setting)
-synesthesias and pseudohallucination

28
Q

THC effects of High doses: Physiological

A

pronounced motor impairment

29
Q

THC effects of high doses: are ____ ______ even at very high doses

A

not lethal

30
Q

When do withdrawal symptoms peak after chronic use in humans (and are opposite to acute effects of cannabis)

A

-Irritability
-Anxiety
-Depressed mood
-Sleep disturbances
-Heightened aggression
-Decreased appetite

31
Q

Factors contributing to increased risk of addition of cannabis:

A

-early onset of use (young age)
-daily use

32
Q

Effects of repeated cannabis: Tolerance

A

-Behavioral tolerance
-Pharmacodynamic tolerance
-after repeated use, desensitization and downregulation of CB1 receptors

33
Q

Two types of synthetic cannabinoids

A

Spice and K2

34
Q

What are spice and K2?

A

-herbs laced with synthetic cannabinoids sold under a number of names
-Marketed as “safe” legal alternatives to marijuana, but they are not safe or legal!!
-intoxication, withdrawal, psychosis, and overdose death have been reported

35
Q

Where do cannabis and marijuana act?

A

at cannabinoid receptors

36
Q

Where are cannabinoid receptors located?

A

on the presynaptic terminals for retrograde signaling

37
Q

Endocannabinoids are…

A

the endogenous ligands for CB receptors (cb1 and CB2)

38
Q

Do endocannabinoids have high or low lipid solubility?

A

high

39
Q

Two types of endocannabinoids

A
  1. Anandamide
    -partial agonist for CB1 receptors
  2. 2-AG
    -full agonist for CB1 and CB2 receptors
40
Q

Endocannabinoids: Signaling

A

-endocannabinoids are lipid NT and retrograde messengers
-No vesicles because they are too lipid soluble to be stored in vesicles
-synthesized on demand in the post-synaptic side of the synapse
-Travel retrogradely to the presynaptic terminal and bind to CB1 receptors
-Inactivation: degradation by enzymes

41
Q

Where is CB1 receptor expression

A

mostly in brain and spinal cord

42
Q

CB2 receptor expression

A

mostly in immune system

43
Q

CB1 receptors are…

A

-high levels in basal ganglia, hippocampus, cerebellum, and cortex
-important for rewarding effects and “high” from cannabis
-exceptionally high densities: the most abundant GPCR in mammalian brain

44
Q

What important role does endocannabinoid signaling play?

A

long-lasting synaptic plasticity, including long-term depression (LTD)

45
Q

Cannabinoid effects: Reward at low doses of THC

A

conditioned place preference (CPP), self-administration

46
Q

Cannabinoid effects: REward at high doses of THC

A

conditioned place aversion (CPA), no self-administration

47
Q

Evidence that dopamine mediates the reward effects of cannabinoids

A
  1. CB1 agonists increase DA firing in VTA and DA release in NAc (via inhibition of GABA, or “disinhibition” of DA)
  2. Animals will self-administer THC, 2-AG, or CB1 agonists directly into VTA or NAc
48
Q

What causes “munchies” when injected into NAc

A

Cannabinoids cause pleasurable reactions to tastes: “munchies”

49
Q

Cannabinoids effects Memory because

A

hippocampus cause deficits in working memory because its blocked by CB antagonists rimonabant into hippocampus

50
Q

CB1 antagonists or CB1 gene knockout:

A

-block self-administration of THC
-decrease self-administration of of the drugs: alcohol, opioids, cocaine, and nicotine
-decrease sensitivity to all rewards (food or drugs) and decrease NAc dopamine release

51
Q

What is impaired in CB1 knockout mice?

A

extinction learning (they keep freezing)

52
Q

what do CB1 knockout mice’s impaired extinction learning tell us?

A

That endocannabinoids are important for extinction learning (probably due to role in LTD at synapse)

53
Q

What is a positive effect of CB1 knockout mice?

A

They have enhanced retention of other types of memory, so they retain memory for longer

54
Q

THC effects in mice

A

-rewarding
-increases feeding
-impairs learning/memory
-hypoalgesic (reduced pain)
-all blocked by CB1 antagonist

55
Q

CB1 antagonist or knockout effects

A

-reduced reward
-decreases feeding
-impairs extinction learning
-hyperalgesic (enhanced pain)

56
Q

Can cannabis use lead to addiction

A

absolutely

57
Q

what type of therapy is a treatment option for cannabis addiction?

A

Psychosocial therapy

58
Q

marijuana uses had significantly reduced ___ matter in areas of orbitofrontal cortex (even with similar IQ)

A

gray

59
Q

What receptors are important in neurodevelopmental changes during adolescence?

A

CB1 receptors

60
Q

Therapeutic effects (conclusive evidence) of cannabis

A

-reduced pain
-reduced nausea/vomiting

61
Q

Immediate Risks (conclusive evidence) of cannabis

A

-increased risk of motor vehicle accidents
-impaired learning, memory, and attention

62
Q

Repeated Use Risks (conclusive evidence) of cannabis

A

-NO increased risk of cancer
-increased risk of developing schizophrenia, psychoses, and social anxiety disorder; increased thoughts of suicide

63
Q
A

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