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Psychopharmacology Final > Nicotine > Flashcards

Nicotine Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 major species of tobacco plant

A

1) large leaf form

2) small leaf form

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2
Q

Which is commonly used today and where does it come from

A

Large leaf form is used in modern day tobacco and it originated in South America where Native peoples domesticated it 5000 years ago

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3
Q

Where is the small leaf form from

A

native to eastern North America and the islands of the West Indies. Same plant encoutnered by Columbus in 1492

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4
Q

What is the botanical name of tobacco and where did it originate

A

Nicotiana Tabacum; Nicot’s surname (introduced tobacco in Portugal) and tabaco which means tobacco in spanish and portugese

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5
Q

How was most tobacco use smoked at first

A

through pipe smoking, cigar smoking and chewing and later developed into snuff

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6
Q

When were cigarettes first used

A

in Europe in the mid nineteenth century and their popularity exploded over the next 30 years

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7
Q

What 2 developments occurred once cigarettes gained popularity

A

1) new methods of curing tobacco leaves that improved their flavor
2) the invention of cigarette machines

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8
Q

how many cigarettes are able to be produced per minute on modern day machines

A

4000 to 8000 per minute

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9
Q

In 1828 how much nicotine was in dry tobacco leaves

A

5%

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10
Q

How much nicotine is in the typical cigarette and how much reaches the blood stream

A

between 6 and 11 mg although only 1 to 3 mg reach the bloodstream

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11
Q

How does nicotine enter the smoker’s lungs?

A

tiny particles called tar which is a mixture of hydrocarbons

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12
Q

Why is tar important in cigarettes

A

it contributes to the taste and smell of cigarette smoke

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13
Q

What is the quickest way to get nicotine straight to the brain

A

smoking

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14
Q

what principal metabolite transforms 70-80% of nicotine in the body

A

cotinine

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15
Q

What is the outcome of individuals with low CYP2A6

A

have less nicotine metabolism and are les likely to become smokers. If they are smokers they will smoke less. Therefore, slow breakdown may produce a protective effect against smoking

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16
Q

What are the mechanisms of action of nicotine

A

works by activating nicotinic cholinergic receptors (ionotropic receptors- fast acting)

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17
Q

feelings of calmness and relaxation may actually be caused by what? and why?

A

relief from withdrawal symptoms because nicotine given to nonsmokers = feelings of heightened tension, lightheadedness, dizziness and nausea

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18
Q

What is the outcome of abstinent smokers being given nicotine regarding cognition

A

they show enhanced performance on many cogitive and motor tasks, particularly those showing attentional demands

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19
Q

What has been found of cognitive outcomes of nicotine use for both smokers and non smokers

A

has a positive influence on cognitive and motor functioning

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20
Q

What are the two types of cholinergic receptors

A

nicotinic receptors and muscarinic receptors

21
Q

What do nicotinic receptors do

A

ionotropic
– fast acting receptors that regulate the ability of the neuron the fire
When ACh binds, the channel opens and Na+ and
Ca2+ enter the neuron or muscle cell
(depolarization -> excitatory).

22
Q

What are muscarinic receptors

A

Muscarinic receptors are metabotropic
• Five types: M1 – M5
• Operate via second messengers (G protein) – slow acting

23
Q

What is the function of acetylcholinesterase

A

breaks acetylcholine down to choline and acetic acid.

24
Q

What is the function of CYP2A6

A

metabolizes nicotine, caffeine, estrogen and antidepressants

25
Q

What is the lethal dose of nicotine

A

60 mg

26
Q

What is the half life of nicotine

A

2 hours

27
Q

What is the importance of accumbens AD for nicotine reinforcement

A

lesioning the dopaminergic innervation significantly weakened nicotine self-administration

28
Q

How does nicotine cause a depolarization block

A

the resting potential of the membrane is lost, and the cell cannot be excited until the agonist is removed and the membrane repolarized.

29
Q

What is the biphasic action of nicotine

A

– Low doses stimulate receptors

– High doses block receptors

30
Q

How does nicotine stimulate DA release

A

Stimulation of nAChRs on DA neurons in VTA and causes glutamate release onto VTA neurons

31
Q

What effect does nicotine have on the body

A
  • Increases heart rate
  • Increases blood pressure
  • Reduces appetite
  • Acts as a laxative (in non-tolerant individuals)
  • Decrease in muscle tone
32
Q

What are the nicotine withdrawal symptoms?

A
  • Severe craving
  • Irritability
  • Anxiety
  • Anger
  • Concentration issues
  • Impatience
  • Increased appetite
  • Weight gain
  • Insomnia
  • Restlessness
33
Q

How long does it take for withdrawal to onset

A

2 hours

34
Q

What diseases are linked to smoking

A

Cancer, cardiovascular, and pulmonary
diseases (e.g., emphysema)
respiratory diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic bronchitis

35
Q

How many deaths per year from smoking

A

6 million

36
Q

What is the leading global cause of preventable death

A

smoking

37
Q

What are the physician initiated 5 A’s of treatment

A
  1. Ask
  2. Advise
  3. Assess
  4. Assist
  5. Arrange
38
Q

What are the 3 potential reduced exposure products

A

1) Nicotine replacement therapy
2) E cigs
3) Vaccine therapy

39
Q

What are examples of nicotine replacement therapies

A 
– Nicotine gum
– Lozenges
– Transdermal patches
– Nasal spray
– Inhalers
40
Q

What is Chantrix

A 
Partial nicotine receptor agonists
Partially stimulates the receptor
– Blocks access of nicotine
– Smoking is less satisfying
– Maintains a low-level release of dopamine
41
Q

How do vaccine therapies work?

A

Binding nicotine to a carrier protein induces the release of antibodies.
Requires repeated doses to remain effective.
• Quit rates are highest in those that produce the most
antibodies.

42
Q

what effect does nicotine have on metabolism

A

increases metabolic rate and suppresses the appetite

43
Q

what is acute tolerance of nicotine

A

desensitization of central nicotinic receptors

44
Q

What do the reinforcing properties of nicotine involve

A

acitvation of high affinity receptors located in the VTA that stimulate the firing of DA neurons and increase DA release in the Nacc

45
Q

What are the demographics for higher cigarette smoking

A

Who smokes more:

men, non college graduates, unemployed people american indians and alaskan natives

46
Q

What two benefits have been reported to the smoker from smoking

A

1) greater mood control

2) enhancement of concentration

47
Q

What is the model that represents why smokers smoke regarding stress etc

A

nicotine resource model

48
Q

What 3 premises is nicotine replacement based upon

A

1) the difficulty associated with smoking cessation is significantly related to nicotine withdrawal symptoms
2) blocking theses symptoms by maintaining a certain circulating level of nicotine is assistive
3) there are safer ways for individuals to obtain nicotine than by smoking

Psychopharmacology Final (6 decks)

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