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Psychopharmacology Final > Cocaine > Flashcards

Cocaine Flashcards

1
Q

What is cocaine

A

an alkaloid found in the leaves and shrubs of Erythroxylon Coca

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2
Q

Where is the coca shrub native to

A

South and central Andes Mountains extending from Colombia into Peru and Bolivia

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3
Q

What was the original consumption of cocaine

A

coca chewing

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4
Q

What was coca chewing an important feature of?

A

ceremonial or religious occasions in the Incan civilizations

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5
Q

When, why and by who was coca chewing banned

A

during the fall of the Inca empire, Spaniards believed the chewing interfered with conversion of catholicism and banned it.

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6
Q

Why was coca chewing reintroduced

A

Spaniards realized that without it, their Inca workers lacked the endurance necessary to work long hours with little food

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7
Q

When was pure cocaine isolated and chemically characterized

A

• 1859 – Albert Niemann isolated cocaine, and discovered its anesthetic effect.

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8
Q

Who was the most famous user of cocaine

A

Sigmund Freud

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9
Q

What does cocaine do to everyday functions

A

Reduces fatigue, hunger, thirst.

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10
Q

When Atlanta banned alcohol what did they replace it with

A

soda water, combined
coca (60 mg/8 ounces) with the kola nut
(2% caffeine).

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11
Q

When did cocaine first start being used as an anaesthetic

A

1880 and Widely used from 1884 – 1918 (until Novocaine)

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12
Q

What did Freud recommend cocaine use for

A

treatment of alcoholism, morphine addiction, depression, digestive disorders

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13
Q

What did Freud report about cocaine in an 1887 report

A

its dangers when used to treat morphine addictions

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14
Q

What did Erlenmeyer refer to cocaine as

A

referred to it as the ‘third
scourge’ of humanity (after alcohol and
heroin)

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15
Q

In 1885, what types of cocaine based products were Parke Davis & Co. pharmaceuticals manufacturing

A

cigarettes, cheroots (cigars) and inhalants

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16
Q

What beverage did John Pemberton develop and what was in it

A

Coca-cola made with cocaine and caffeine

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17
Q

In 1910 what did President Taft call cocaine

A

public enemy number 1

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18
Q

What act banned the incorporation of cocaine in beverages and medicines

A

1914 – Harrison Narcotic Act banned

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19
Q

What year was crack cocaine introduced

A

1980s

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20
Q

how many people in a 2011 study reported being current users of cocaine

A

1.4 million aged 12 +

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21
Q

Where is cocaine use most prominent in the world

A

North America

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22
Q

What are the 3 uses of cocaine

A
  • Local Anesthetic
  • Vasoconstrictor
  • Psychostimulant
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23
Q

What percentage of cocaine is in coca paste

A

60-80% cocaine

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24
Q

What form of cocaine is snorted or injected

A

Cocaine Hydrochloride which is derived from coca leaves. It cannot be smoked

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25
Q

what is crack cocaine

A

cocaine and baking soda

26
Q

What are the routes of administration of cocaine

A

Oral, Intranasal, Inhalation, Injection

27
Q

What does the term freebasing mean

A

dissolving cocaine hydrochloride in water and adding an alkaline solution such as ammonia and then extracting the resulting cocaine base with a solvent such as ether and is then smoked

28
Q

Why did freebasing disappear and crack use begin

A

the ether used in freebasing is flammable and highly dangerous to smoke therefore crack cocaine was disocvered combining cocaine hydrochloride and baking soda

29
Q

cocaine is lipophilic, what does this mean

A

its fat soluble and passes the blood brain barrier

30
Q

What is the half life of cocaine

A

.5 to 1.5 hours

31
Q

What metabolite can be detected in urine multiple days after the last cocaine dose

A

benzoylecgonine

32
Q

What is the active metabolite called that combine alcohol and cocaine

A

cocaethylene

33
Q

what is the major metabolizing enzyme of ccoaine

A

Butyrylcholinesterase

34
Q

What are the three monoamine neurotransmitters that cocaine blocks

A

two catecholamines dopamine (DA) , norepinephrine and serotonin

35
Q

What are transporters

A

proteins that remove neurotransmiters from the synaptic cleft

36
Q

what effect does cocaine have on transporters

A

binds to them and inhibits their function therefore increasing neurotransmitter levels in the synaptic cleft and increases transmission at the affected synapses

37
Q

How does cocaine work as a local anesthetic

A

in high concentrations it inhibits voltage gated sodium channels this blocking action potentials therefore preventing the transmission of nerve signals along sensory nerves

38
Q

are D1 and D2 stimulatory or inhibitory

A

D1 stimulatory

D2 inhibitory

39
Q

cocaine is a sympathomimetic drug, what does that mean

A

it produces symptoms of sympathetic nervous system activation

40
Q

What does cocaine do to dopamine receptors

A

blocks them

41
Q

what are the physiological consequences of acute cocaine use

A

increased heart rate, vasoconstriction and hyper tension

42
Q

what are the physiological consequences of high doses of cocaine

A

seizures, heart failure, stroke and intracranial hemorrhage

43
Q

What are the three DA pathways

A

Nigrostriatal tract - movement
Mesocortical - cognition
Mesolimbic - reward

44
Q

Describe the nigrostriatial DA tract

A

axons from substantia nigra extend to the striatum. (remember nigra to striatum = nigrostriatal) Parkinsons – degenerated dopaminergic in substantia nigra – controls voluntary movement

45
Q

Describe the mesocortical pathway

A

dopamine pathway from
the ventral tegmental area (VTA) to the
prefrontal cerebral cortex.
Function: cognition

46
Q

Describe the mesolimbic pathway

A

dopamine pathway from
the VTA to various structures of the limbic
system.
Function: reward
- repeated use of drugs often decreases this

47
Q

In animal studies which D receptor subtype was shown to have a role in cocaine reinforcement

A

Mice lacking D2 receptors self administered cocaine whereas those without D1 did not.

48
Q

What percentage of intranasal users become addicts

A

10-15%

49
Q

What are the three stages after an cocaine binge

A

1) crash
2) withdrawal
3) extinction

50
Q

What does incubation mean

A

cocaine cravings and relapse increases over time

51
Q

What are the 2 phases of drug sensitization and define them

A

induction - establishment of sensitization

expression - process that sensitization is manifested

52
Q

What brain areas are important for cocaine sensitization

A

Ventral tegmental areas and medial prefrontal cortex

53
Q

What happens to the physical brain of cocaine users

A 
abnormalities in both grey and white matter in the cerebral cortex 
• Reduced volume:
A) Amygdala
B) Inferior frontal gyrus
C) Orbitofrontal cortex
D) Superior frontal gyrus
E) Posterior parietal cortex, Superior frontal
Cortex
54
Q

What is a possible pharmacotherapy for cocaine dependence that is normally prescribed for narcolepsy

A

modafinil

55
Q

How does antabuse (disulfiram) assist cocaine dependence

A

found effective in cocaine-alcoholics and cocaine-nonalcoholics
it inhibits aldehyde dehydrogenase and dopamine b hydroxylase which is the enzyme that synthesizes NE from DA and inhibits esterases that are involved in cocaine breakdown

56
Q

What are psychosocial treatment programs and what do they involve

A

individual group or family counseling designed to educate the user, promote behavioral change and alleviate some problems cause by cocaine abuse

57
Q

Explain cognitive behavioral therapies such as relapse prevention therapy

A

restructuring cognitive processes and training the user either to avoid high risk situations that may cause relapse of to employ coping mechanisms

58
Q

What is the contingency management program

A

behavioural treatment approach based on the premise that drug taking is an operant response that persists mainly as a result of the reinforcing properties of the drug. Increasing the availability of nondrug reinforcers should help promote abstinence

59
Q

What effects does cocaine have on the body

A 
Fight or flight” response
• Increases heart rate, blood pressure, body
temperature
• Suppresses appetite
• Increases interest in sex
• Produces seizures
60
Q

What route of administration leads to death the fastest

A

IV

61
Q

What effects does cocaine use have on pregnancy and fetus

A
  • High risk of early abortion
  • Congenital abnormalities: cardiovascular and
    brain malformations
  • Newborns: 1/3 show withdrawal symptoms
  • Indirect effects of poor prenatal care (alcohol,
    tobaco, poor nutrition), infant neglect

Psychopharmacology Final (6 decks)

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