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Psychopharmacology Final > Cocaine > Flashcards

Cocaine Flashcards

1
Q

What is cocaine

A

an alkaloid found in the leaves and shrubs of Erythroxylon Coca

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2
Q

Where is the coca shrub native to

A

South and central Andes Mountains extending from Colombia into Peru and Bolivia

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3
Q

What was the original consumption of cocaine

A

coca chewing

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4
Q

What was coca chewing an important feature of?

A

ceremonial or religious occasions in the Incan civilizations

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5
Q

When, why and by who was coca chewing banned

A

during the fall of the Inca empire, Spaniards believed the chewing interfered with conversion of catholicism and banned it.

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6
Q

Why was coca chewing reintroduced

A

Spaniards realized that without it, their Inca workers lacked the endurance necessary to work long hours with little food

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7
Q

When was pure cocaine isolated and chemically characterized

A

• 1859 – Albert Niemann isolated cocaine, and discovered its anesthetic effect.

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8
Q

Who was the most famous user of cocaine

A

Sigmund Freud

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9
Q

What does cocaine do to everyday functions

A

Reduces fatigue, hunger, thirst.

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10
Q

When Atlanta banned alcohol what did they replace it with

A

soda water, combined
coca (60 mg/8 ounces) with the kola nut
(2% caffeine).

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11
Q

When did cocaine first start being used as an anaesthetic

A

1880 and Widely used from 1884 – 1918 (until Novocaine)

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12
Q

What did Freud recommend cocaine use for

A

treatment of alcoholism, morphine addiction, depression, digestive disorders

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13
Q

What did Freud report about cocaine in an 1887 report

A

its dangers when used to treat morphine addictions

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14
Q

What did Erlenmeyer refer to cocaine as

A

referred to it as the ‘third
scourge’ of humanity (after alcohol and
heroin)

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15
Q

In 1885, what types of cocaine based products were Parke Davis & Co. pharmaceuticals manufacturing

A

cigarettes, cheroots (cigars) and inhalants

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16
Q

What beverage did John Pemberton develop and what was in it

A

Coca-cola made with cocaine and caffeine

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17
Q

In 1910 what did President Taft call cocaine

A

public enemy number 1

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18
Q

What act banned the incorporation of cocaine in beverages and medicines

A

1914 – Harrison Narcotic Act banned

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19
Q

What year was crack cocaine introduced

A

1980s

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20
Q

how many people in a 2011 study reported being current users of cocaine

A

1.4 million aged 12 +

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21
Q

Where is cocaine use most prominent in the world

A

North America

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22
Q

What are the 3 uses of cocaine

A
  • Local Anesthetic
  • Vasoconstrictor
  • Psychostimulant
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23
Q

What percentage of cocaine is in coca paste

A

60-80% cocaine

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24
Q

What form of cocaine is snorted or injected

A

Cocaine Hydrochloride which is derived from coca leaves. It cannot be smoked

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25
what is crack cocaine
cocaine and baking soda
26
What are the routes of administration of cocaine
Oral, Intranasal, Inhalation, Injection
27
What does the term freebasing mean
dissolving cocaine hydrochloride in water and adding an alkaline solution such as ammonia and then extracting the resulting cocaine base with a solvent such as ether and is then smoked
28
Why did freebasing disappear and crack use begin
the ether used in freebasing is flammable and highly dangerous to smoke therefore crack cocaine was disocvered combining cocaine hydrochloride and baking soda
29
cocaine is lipophilic, what does this mean
its fat soluble and passes the blood brain barrier
30
What is the half life of cocaine
.5 to 1.5 hours
31
What metabolite can be detected in urine multiple days after the last cocaine dose
benzoylecgonine
32
What is the active metabolite called that combine alcohol and cocaine
cocaethylene
33
what is the major metabolizing enzyme of ccoaine
Butyrylcholinesterase
34
What are the three monoamine neurotransmitters that cocaine blocks
two catecholamines dopamine (DA) , norepinephrine and serotonin
35
What are transporters
proteins that remove neurotransmiters from the synaptic cleft
36
what effect does cocaine have on transporters
binds to them and inhibits their function therefore increasing neurotransmitter levels in the synaptic cleft and increases transmission at the affected synapses
37
How does cocaine work as a local anesthetic
in high concentrations it inhibits voltage gated sodium channels this blocking action potentials therefore preventing the transmission of nerve signals along sensory nerves
38
are D1 and D2 stimulatory or inhibitory
D1 stimulatory | D2 inhibitory
39
cocaine is a sympathomimetic drug, what does that mean
it produces symptoms of sympathetic nervous system activation
40
What does cocaine do to dopamine receptors
blocks them
41
what are the physiological consequences of acute cocaine use
increased heart rate, vasoconstriction and hyper tension
42
what are the physiological consequences of high doses of cocaine
seizures, heart failure, stroke and intracranial hemorrhage
43
What are the three DA pathways
Nigrostriatal tract - movement Mesocortical - cognition Mesolimbic - reward
44
Describe the nigrostriatial DA tract
axons from substantia nigra extend to the striatum. (remember nigra to striatum = nigrostriatal) Parkinsons – degenerated dopaminergic in substantia nigra – controls voluntary movement
45
Describe the mesocortical pathway
dopamine pathway from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) to the prefrontal cerebral cortex. Function: cognition
46
Describe the mesolimbic pathway
dopamine pathway from the VTA to various structures of the limbic system. Function: reward - repeated use of drugs often decreases this
47
In animal studies which D receptor subtype was shown to have a role in cocaine reinforcement
Mice lacking D2 receptors self administered cocaine whereas those without D1 did not.
48
What percentage of intranasal users become addicts
10-15%
49
What are the three stages after an cocaine binge
1) crash 2) withdrawal 3) extinction
50
What does incubation mean
cocaine cravings and relapse increases over time
51
What are the 2 phases of drug sensitization and define them
induction - establishment of sensitization | expression - process that sensitization is manifested
52
What brain areas are important for cocaine sensitization
Ventral tegmental areas and medial prefrontal cortex
53
What happens to the physical brain of cocaine users
``` abnormalities in both grey and white matter in the cerebral cortex • Reduced volume: A) Amygdala B) Inferior frontal gyrus C) Orbitofrontal cortex D) Superior frontal gyrus E) Posterior parietal cortex, Superior frontal Cortex ```
54
What is a possible pharmacotherapy for cocaine dependence that is normally prescribed for narcolepsy
modafinil
55
How does antabuse (disulfiram) assist cocaine dependence
found effective in cocaine-alcoholics and cocaine-nonalcoholics it inhibits aldehyde dehydrogenase and dopamine b hydroxylase which is the enzyme that synthesizes NE from DA and inhibits esterases that are involved in cocaine breakdown
56
What are psychosocial treatment programs and what do they involve
individual group or family counseling designed to educate the user, promote behavioral change and alleviate some problems cause by cocaine abuse
57
Explain cognitive behavioral therapies such as relapse prevention therapy
restructuring cognitive processes and training the user either to avoid high risk situations that may cause relapse of to employ coping mechanisms
58
What is the contingency management program
behavioural treatment approach based on the premise that drug taking is an operant response that persists mainly as a result of the reinforcing properties of the drug. Increasing the availability of nondrug reinforcers should help promote abstinence
59
What effects does cocaine have on the body
``` Fight or flight” response • Increases heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature • Suppresses appetite • Increases interest in sex • Produces seizures ```
60
What route of administration leads to death the fastest
IV
61
What effects does cocaine use have on pregnancy and fetus
- High risk of early abortion - Congenital abnormalities: cardiovascular and brain malformations - Newborns: 1/3 show withdrawal symptoms - Indirect effects of poor prenatal care (alcohol, tobaco, poor nutrition), infant neglect

Psychopharmacology Final (6 decks)

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