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Psychopharmacology Final > Marijuana > Flashcards

Marijuana Flashcards

1
Q

What is the botanical name for marijuana

A

Cannabis Sativa

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2
Q

How was hemp historically used

A

as a major source of fiber for making rope, cloth and paper. Sometimes even used for their oil content as bird feed

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3
Q

Of the 70 unique compounds of cannabinoids, which has psychoactive properties

A

tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)

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4
Q

What part of the plant are the concentration of cannabinoids found

A

a sticky yellowish resin that is secreted in large amounts by the flowering top of female plants

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5
Q

What does the word marijuana come from and what is its meaning

A

Mexico; an intoxicating plant

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6
Q

what mixture does marijuana refer to

A

dried and crumbled leaves, small stems and flowering tops

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7
Q

How is the method Sinsemilla performed and why

A

it is a way to get higher potency by preventing pollination and hence seed production by the female plants

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8
Q

What is Hashish

A

a cannabis derivative whose potency depends on how it is prepared

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9
Q

What is Hash oil

A

an alcoholic extract that has been reduced to an oily, viscous liquid ranging in colors from amber to black
80% THC concentration

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10
Q

How is Hash oil used

A

a single drop may be placed on a standard tobacco cigarettes or marijuana joint and smoked

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11
Q

Where can medical and religious marijuana use be traced back to

A

ancient China, India and the Middle East

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12
Q

When did Western interest in marijuana begin

A

mid ninteenth century

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13
Q

What was marijuana used for in China, Tibet and India

A 
– GI illness
– Seizures
– Malaria
– Childbirth
– Snakebite
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14
Q

In 1937 what act taxed cannabis

A

The Marijuana Tax Act

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15
Q

What 2 cannabinoids are considered not contributing to psychoactive properties

A

Cannabinol and cannabidiol

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16
Q

When smoking a joint how much THC is absorbed into the lungs

A

20-30%

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17
Q

THC is rapidly absorbed through the _____, resulting in rapidly rising levels in the ________

A

lungs; blood plasma

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18
Q

What happens when you consume marijuana

A

dissolve in oils contained in
food. All the THC enters the body;
but first pass effect is strong

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19
Q

What is the half-life of marijuana

A

20 to 30 hours

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20
Q

When was the cannabinoid receptor announced

A

1988 by Pfizer

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21
Q

Where are cannabinoid receptors found in the brain

A

basal ganglia, cerebellum, hippocampus and cerebral cortex

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22
Q

What receptor family do cannabinoids belong to

A

metabotropic

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23
Q

What are the effects of cannabinoids

A

inhibition of cyclic monophosphate formation, inhibition of voltage sensitive calcium channels and activation of potassium channel opening

24
Q

THC has been shown to be a ______ rather than ____ CB1 and CB2 receptor agonist since this substance produces lower peak receptor mediated effect

A

partial; full

25
Q

What 4 things occurs when THC is administered to mice

A

1) reduced locomotor activity
2) hypothermia
3) catalepsy
4) hypoalgesia (reduced pain sensitivity)

26
Q

What role do cb2 agoinsts have on immune system function

A

inhibits the release of cytokines and can also either stimulate or inhibit the migration of immune cells toward the site of an inflammatory reaction

27
Q

What was the substance that had cannabinoid-like activity consistent of

A

lipid with a structure related to that of arachidonic acid. The chemical substance is called arachidonoyl ethanolamide or anandamide.

28
Q

What are the other arachidonic acid derivatives called

A

2- arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG)

29
Q

What was the name for the 2 chemical substances that produced cannabinoid like activity

A

endocannabinoids

30
Q

Which endocannabinoid is the principal for both Cb1 and CB2 receptors

A

2-AG

31
Q

where are endocannabinoids stored and why not in vesicles?

A

They are too lipid soluble for vesicles and would pass right through the membrane therefore they are made and released when needed

32
Q

What mechanism triggers the production of endocannabinoids

A

a rise in intracellular calcium levels because some enzymes involved in the generation of these compounds are calcium sensitive

33
Q

What are the three uptake mechanisms of anandamide

A

1) uptake by means of a protein carrier in the cell membrane
2) uptake by simple passive diffusion across the cell membrane
3) uptake by means of anandamide binding to a membrane protein followed by endocytosis of the anandamide protein complex

34
Q

What enzyme degrades anandamide

A

fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH)

35
Q

what enzyme degrades 2-AG

A

monoacylglycerol lipase

36
Q

Describe retrograde messengers. Provide an example

A

When a signalling molecule carries information in the opposite direction from normal (postsynaptic to presynaptic)
ex) Nitric Oxide

37
Q

What effect do cannabinoids have on retrograde signaling

A

endocannabinoids are synthesized and released in response to depolarization of the postsynaptic cell due to the influx of calcium through voltage gated calcium channels. Following their release, the endocannabinoids cross the synaptic cleft, activate CB1 receptors on the nerve terminal and inhibit calcium-mediated neurotransmitter release from the terminal. Decrease in calcium influx into the terminals reduces GABA release and allows the pyramidal cells to fire more readily

38
Q

What was the first selective CB1 antagonist

A

rimonabant (oral)

39
Q

What evidence showed that endocannabinoids act on cannabinoid receptor subtypes in the modulation of pain perception

A

genetically normal mice and knockout mice given rimonabant (cb1 antagonist) exhibit hyperalgesia (increased pain sensitivity) to several types of pain stimuli

40
Q

What metabolizes THC

A

cytochrome P450 enzymes:
– 11-hydroxy-delta-9-THC (active metabolite)
– Carboxy-THC (inactive metabolite)

41
Q

What is cannabidiol

A

precursor to THC; is the other primary cannabinoid that influences psychoactivity. Counters THC; is analgesic anti-inflammatory effects

42
Q

What are some processes that endocannabinoid systems are involved in

A 
• Involved in numerous processes:
– Learning and memory
– Neuroprotection
– Appetite
– Pain
– Immune function
43
Q

Where are Cb1 and CB2 receptors found

A

CB1 – located throughout the body, found in the
highest concentration in the CNS.
• CB2 – found in the immune system and other
tissues such as bone, adipose (fat) cells, and the
GI tract.

44
Q

CB1 and CB2 are G-protein coupled, what does that mean

A

CB1 and CB2 are G-protein coupled:
• Inhibit voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channels
• Open K+ channels.
Overall effect = inhibition of the presynaptic cell

45
Q

What does it mean that THC is a partial agonist for CB1 and CB2 receptors

A

This means that THC has high affinity for the cannabinoid receptors, but is a low efficacy agonist (similar to AEA)

46
Q

Who smoked hash with his students and was proclaimed the father of psychopharmacology

A

Jacques-Joseph Moreau

47
Q

High potency of hash consumption has what outcome

A

• High potency resulted in:
– Personality changes
– Perceptual distortions
– Hallucinations

48
Q

What do the effects of marijuana depend on

A

– Dose
– Frequency of use
– Characteristics of the user
– Setting in which use occurs.

49
Q

What are the four stages resulting from smoking marijuana

A
  1. The buzz: lightheaded, dizziness, tingling sensations.
  2. The high: euphoria, exhilaration, disinhibition (laughter).
  3. Stoned: calm, relaxed, dreamlike state.
  4. The come-down – gradual cessation of the above effects.
50
Q

What are the physical responses of marijuana use

A

include increased blood flow to the skin and
flushing, increased heart rate, and increased
hunger.

51
Q

The ability of cannabinoids to increase feeding is driven by

activation of CB1 receptors in which brain structures

A

– Hypothalamus: increase feeding behavior.
– Nucleus Accumbens: increases the hedonic drive for food
– Gustatory cortex: increase the neural responses to sweet taste exclusively
– Vagal nerve: a peripheral pathway through which cannabinoids can promote feeding.
• eCB are naturally recruited to regulate

52
Q

What type of memory is acutely disrupted by cannabis

A

short term memory

53
Q

The ability of cannabinoids to impair memory is driven by activation of CB1 receptors in what brain structures

A

• Suppress Long-term memory: Hippocampus:
suppress glutamate release and impair LTP
induction
• Suppress Working memory : Prefronatal Cortex:
suppress glutamate and therefore supress activity
of the prefrontal cortex
• Enhance Forgetting: forgetting is an active
process that requires endocannabinoids of your memories

54
Q

How do cannabinoids effect emotion

A

This suggests that cannabinoids can quiet down the amygdala and reduce activation of threat detecting systems, thus facilitating relaxation.

55
Q

How many users of marijuana are dependent

A

10%

56
Q

What are types of treatment for marijuana dependent individuals

A 
– Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT)
– Motivational enhancement therapy (MET)
– Family-based interventions
• Replacement strategies:
– Dronabinol – synthetic THC

Psychopharmacology Final (6 decks)

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