Marijuana

Question 1

What is the botanical name for marijuana

Answer 1

Cannabis Sativa

Question 2

How was hemp historically used

Answer 2

as a major source of fiber for making rope, cloth and paper. Sometimes even used for their oil content as bird feed

Question 3

Of the 70 unique compounds of cannabinoids, which has psychoactive properties

Answer 3

tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)

Question 4

What part of the plant are the concentration of cannabinoids found

Answer 4

a sticky yellowish resin that is secreted in large amounts by the flowering top of female plants

Question 5

What does the word marijuana come from and what is its meaning

Answer 5

Mexico; an intoxicating plant

Question 6

what mixture does marijuana refer to

Answer 6

dried and crumbled leaves, small stems and flowering tops

Question 7

How is the method Sinsemilla performed and why

Answer 7

it is a way to get higher potency by preventing pollination and hence seed production by the female plants

Question 8

What is Hashish

Answer 8

a cannabis derivative whose potency depends on how it is prepared

Question 9

What is Hash oil

Answer 9

an alcoholic extract that has been reduced to an oily, viscous liquid ranging in colors from amber to black
80% THC concentration

Question 10

How is Hash oil used

Answer 10

a single drop may be placed on a standard tobacco cigarettes or marijuana joint and smoked

Question 11

Where can medical and religious marijuana use be traced back to

Answer 11

ancient China, India and the Middle East

Question 12

When did Western interest in marijuana begin

Answer 12

mid ninteenth century

Question 13

What was marijuana used for in China, Tibet and India

Answer 13

– GI illness
– Seizures
– Malaria
– Childbirth
– Snakebite

Question 14

In 1937 what act taxed cannabis

Answer 14

The Marijuana Tax Act

Question 15

What 2 cannabinoids are considered not contributing to psychoactive properties

Answer 15

Cannabinol and cannabidiol

Question 16

When smoking a joint how much THC is absorbed into the lungs

Answer 16

20-30%

Question 17

THC is rapidly absorbed through the _____, resulting in rapidly rising levels in the ________

Answer 17

lungs; blood plasma

Question 18

What happens when you consume marijuana

Answer 18

dissolve in oils contained in
food. All the THC enters the body;
but first pass effect is strong

Question 19

What is the half-life of marijuana

Answer 19

20 to 30 hours

Question 20

When was the cannabinoid receptor announced

Answer 20

1988 by Pfizer

Question 21

Where are cannabinoid receptors found in the brain

Answer 21

basal ganglia, cerebellum, hippocampus and cerebral cortex

Question 22

What receptor family do cannabinoids belong to

Answer 22

metabotropic

Question 23

What are the effects of cannabinoids

Answer 23

inhibition of cyclic monophosphate formation, inhibition of voltage sensitive calcium channels and activation of potassium channel opening

Question 24

THC has been shown to be a ______ rather than ____ CB1 and CB2 receptor agonist since this substance produces lower peak receptor mediated effect

Answer 24

partial; full

Question 25

What 4 things occurs when THC is administered to mice

Answer 25

1) reduced locomotor activity 2) hypothermia 3) catalepsy 4) hypoalgesia (reduced pain sensitivity)

Question 26

What role do cb2 agoinsts have on immune system function

Answer 26

inhibits the release of cytokines and can also either stimulate or inhibit the migration of immune cells toward the site of an inflammatory reaction

Question 27

What was the substance that had cannabinoid-like activity consistent of

Answer 27

lipid with a structure related to that of arachidonic acid. The chemical substance is called arachidonoyl ethanolamide or anandamide.

Question 28

What are the other arachidonic acid derivatives called

Answer 28

2- arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG)

Question 29

What was the name for the 2 chemical substances that produced cannabinoid like activity

Answer 29

endocannabinoids

Question 30

Which endocannabinoid is the principal for both Cb1 and CB2 receptors

Answer 30

2-AG

Question 31

where are endocannabinoids stored and why not in vesicles?

Answer 31

They are too lipid soluble for vesicles and would pass right through the membrane therefore they are made and released when needed

Question 32

What mechanism triggers the production of endocannabinoids

Answer 32

a rise in intracellular calcium levels because some enzymes involved in the generation of these compounds are calcium sensitive

Question 33

What are the three uptake mechanisms of anandamide

Answer 33

1) uptake by means of a protein carrier in the cell membrane 2) uptake by simple passive diffusion across the cell membrane 3) uptake by means of anandamide binding to a membrane protein followed by endocytosis of the anandamide protein complex

Question 34

What enzyme degrades anandamide

Answer 34

fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH)

Question 35

what enzyme degrades 2-AG

Answer 35

monoacylglycerol lipase

Question 36

Describe retrograde messengers. Provide an example

Answer 36

When a signalling molecule carries information in the opposite direction from normal (postsynaptic to presynaptic) ex) Nitric Oxide

Question 37

What effect do cannabinoids have on retrograde signaling

Answer 37

endocannabinoids are synthesized and released in response to depolarization of the postsynaptic cell due to the influx of calcium through voltage gated calcium channels. Following their release, the endocannabinoids cross the synaptic cleft, activate CB1 receptors on the nerve terminal and inhibit calcium-mediated neurotransmitter release from the terminal. Decrease in calcium influx into the terminals reduces GABA release and allows the pyramidal cells to fire more readily

Question 38

What was the first selective CB1 antagonist

Answer 38

rimonabant (oral)

Question 39

What evidence showed that endocannabinoids act on cannabinoid receptor subtypes in the modulation of pain perception

Answer 39

genetically normal mice and knockout mice given rimonabant (cb1 antagonist) exhibit hyperalgesia (increased pain sensitivity) to several types of pain stimuli

Question 40

What metabolizes THC

Answer 40

cytochrome P450 enzymes: – 11-hydroxy-delta-9-THC (active metabolite) – Carboxy-THC (inactive metabolite)

Question 41

What is cannabidiol

Answer 41

precursor to THC; is the other primary cannabinoid that influences psychoactivity. Counters THC; is analgesic anti-inflammatory effects

Question 42

What are some processes that endocannabinoid systems are involved in

Answer 42

``` • Involved in numerous processes: – Learning and memory – Neuroprotection – Appetite – Pain – Immune function ```

Question 43

Where are Cb1 and CB2 receptors found

Answer 43

CB1 – located throughout the body, found in the highest concentration in the CNS. • CB2 – found in the immune system and other tissues such as bone, adipose (fat) cells, and the GI tract.

Question 44

CB1 and CB2 are G-protein coupled, what does that mean

Answer 44

CB1 and CB2 are G-protein coupled: • Inhibit voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channels • Open K+ channels. Overall effect = inhibition of the presynaptic cell

Question 45

What does it mean that THC is a partial agonist for CB1 and CB2 receptors

Answer 45

This means that THC has high affinity for the cannabinoid receptors, but is a low efficacy agonist (similar to AEA)

Question 46

Who smoked hash with his students and was proclaimed the father of psychopharmacology

Answer 46

Jacques-Joseph Moreau

Question 47

High potency of hash consumption has what outcome

Answer 47

• High potency resulted in: – Personality changes – Perceptual distortions – Hallucinations

Question 48

What do the effects of marijuana depend on

Answer 48

– Dose – Frequency of use – Characteristics of the user – Setting in which use occurs.

Question 49

What are the four stages resulting from smoking marijuana

Answer 49

1. The buzz: lightheaded, dizziness, tingling sensations. 2. The high: euphoria, exhilaration, disinhibition (laughter). 3. Stoned: calm, relaxed, dreamlike state. 4. The come-down – gradual cessation of the above effects.

Question 50

What are the physical responses of marijuana use

Answer 50

include increased blood flow to the skin and flushing, increased heart rate, and increased hunger.

Question 51

The ability of cannabinoids to increase feeding is driven by | activation of CB1 receptors in which brain structures

Answer 51

– Hypothalamus: increase feeding behavior. – Nucleus Accumbens: increases the hedonic drive for food – Gustatory cortex: increase the neural responses to sweet taste exclusively – Vagal nerve: a peripheral pathway through which cannabinoids can promote feeding. • eCB are naturally recruited to regulate

Question 52

What type of memory is acutely disrupted by cannabis

Answer 52

short term memory

Question 53

The ability of cannabinoids to impair memory is driven by activation of CB1 receptors in what brain structures

Answer 53

• Suppress Long-term memory: Hippocampus: suppress glutamate release and impair LTP induction • Suppress Working memory : Prefronatal Cortex: suppress glutamate and therefore supress activity of the prefrontal cortex • Enhance Forgetting: forgetting is an active process that requires endocannabinoids of your memories

Question 54

How do cannabinoids effect emotion

Answer 54

This suggests that cannabinoids can quiet down the amygdala and reduce activation of threat detecting systems, thus facilitating relaxation.

Question 55

How many users of marijuana are dependent

Answer 55

10%

Question 56

What are types of treatment for marijuana dependent individuals

Answer 56

``` – Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) – Motivational enhancement therapy (MET) – Family-based interventions • Replacement strategies: – Dronabinol – synthetic THC ```