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Drug Action > Nicotine > Flashcards

Nicotine Flashcards

1
Q

Is nicotine addictive?

A

Yes, highly

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2
Q

What was nicotine originally used for?

A

it was an insecticide

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3
Q

What plant does nicotine come from?

A

Tobacco plant

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4
Q

What is the #1 killer in the world?

A

Smoking

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5
Q

What did cigarette ads target?

A

they targeted kids to get addicted and continue using when they got older

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6
Q

How fast does nicotine reach the brain after inhaling it?

A

7 seconds (as fast as if injected)

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7
Q

How does time of effect, change addiction?

A

The less time it takes to get to the brain the more addictive a drug is

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8
Q

The cigarette is a delivery system for more than 7,000 other chemicals in cigarette smoke, how many are carcinogens, what type of toxins?

A
  • Carcinogens (70), ciliotoxins (paralyse cilia in lungs, can’t move mucus out), inhibitors
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9
Q

What diseases can be caused by smoking?

A

Heart disease, stroke, gum infections, bladder cancer

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10
Q

what happens to mucociliary clearance when smoking?

A

it is decreased, can’t get mucous out of lungs

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11
Q

Smoking combined with asbestos causes?

A

50-90 times more risk, increase lung cancer deaths.
Asbestos has small fibers that when breathed in can get into the lungs and cause cancer

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12
Q

How many deaths from coronary heart disease are due to smoking

A

1/3

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13
Q

What is nicotine’s effect on the skin, eyes, hair (does it vasoconstrict or vasodilate)

A

Nicotine – vasoconstriction
Skin – wrinkles (smoking + sun damage)
Eyes – cataracts
Hair – thinning

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14
Q

20% of smokers die from what lung conditions?

A

Bronchitis + emphysema

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15
Q

How many people die from second hand smoke each year?

A

900,000 people

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16
Q

Children exposed to smoke are more at risk of developing what diseases?

A

Children exposed to smoke have an increased rate of brain tumors, cancers, asthma, infections SIDS

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17
Q

Types of nicotine absorption/administration?

A

Mouth, lungs, skin (patch)

18
Q

Does nicotine have a first pass inactivation?

A

No, bypasses the liver, when inhaled

19
Q

How do smokers control nicotine bioavailability?

A

The smoker controls the bioavailability
- If nicotine is higher than 6%, then the smoker puffs less
- If the nicotine level is less than 6%, then the smoker puffs more
- The smoker controls the level of nicotine to be about the same

20
Q

Nicotine gum (oral administration) causes?

A

Nicotine gum – rate of absorption is slower less concentration in blood

21
Q

Why can children die from eating a cigarette?

A

Nicotine is absorbed very well in the GI tract, so if a child swallows/ eats a cigarette they will get nicotine poisoning and can die

22
Q

Where is nicotine distributed in the body?

A
  • Everywhere
  • Chemoreceptor trigger zone (triggers vomiting before enough gets absorbed, kids) – no blood brain barrier
  • Smokers build up tolerance to vomiting, need more nicotine to have the same effect
23
Q

Which cytochrome P450 metabolizes nicotine?

A

CYP2A6, CYP2A6 activates procarcinogens that form cytotoxic and genotoxic metabolites (urine is carcinogenic)

24
Q

What is nicotine’s half life?

A

2 hours

25
Q

What effect does a defective CYP2A6 cause?

A
  • Slower removal of nicotine
  • Therefore, a smoker needs to smoke less cigarettes to maintain the same blood nicotine levels
  • (They can smoke, but end up smoking less)
26
Q

Excretion of Nicotine?

A
  • Urine is carcinogenic, which is probably why bladder cancer is more common in smokers
  • Alkaline urine decreases the excretion of nicotine
27
Q

What type of receptor is the nicotinic receptor, how many subunits does it have?

A

it is a ligand gated ion channel, (sodium/calcium channel), it has 5 subunits, alpha (9) or beta (3), receptors in the neurons differ from those in the muscles

28
Q

What is the effect of acetylcholine binding to nicotinic receptors?

A
  • Ach binds, opens channel – sodium/calcium can now flow through
  • Ach comes off, receptor is desensitized for a bit and then regenerates
29
Q

What is the effect of nicotine binding to nicotinic receptors?

A
  • Nicotine binds – opens channel
  • The receptor is desensitized for longer
  • More ions get into the brain (Na+, Ca2+)
30
Q

What cardiovascular effects does nicotine cause?

A
  • Change blood flow, heart rate (increases)
  • Hunger contractions of the stomach decrease, less hungry
31
Q

Is nicotine excitatory or inhibitory?

A

excitatory

32
Q

Effects of Nicotine poisoning?

A

CNS: excitation followed by inhibition
Tremor, convulsions…
Paralysis
Death from respiratory failure

33
Q

what type of receptors are necessary for dopamine release?

A

Beta 2 and alpha 4 ach receptors

34
Q

What is menthol?

A

It is a channel modulator

35
Q

What effect does menthol have on smoking?

A
  • Increases the addictive property
  • Decreases the ability to stop smoking
  • Now banned as an addition in cigarettes
36
Q

How does nicotine alter dopamine levels in the brain causing addiction?

A

Nicotine decreases the GABA inhibition (desensitize)
Nicotine stimulates receptors on glutamate excitation
- Increases the amount of dopamine released

37
Q

What are some withdrawal symptoms from smoking nicotine?

A
  • Depressed mood, steep trouble, irritable, difficulty concentrating, restless, increased appetite, weight gain
  • Craving for nicotine peaks at 3 days and then goes down
  • Initial distress in first 5 days
  • Later there is a sense of well being, but the cravings don’t go away
  • Excess nicotinic receptors slowly decline, up to 6-12 weeks for them to go away
38
Q

Types of nicotine treatments?

A
  • Replacement therapy – patch
  • Block nicotinic receptors in the reward pathway – BUP (drug), varenicline, partial agonist, lower effect of dopamine
  • Block CYP2A6
  • Decrease dopamine release (topiramate tablet
  • Nicotine vaccine – being tested, nicotine would have no effect
39
Q

What are the effects of e-cigarettes?

A

e-cigarettes have small particles that are absorbed into the lungs and get into the blood, the magnitude of the risk for vaping is not known yet
- Disruption to lung function and gas exchange
- Impaired respiratory immunity and host defence systems
- Respiratory inflammation and injury

40
Q
A

Drug Action (18 decks)

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