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psychopharmacology test2 > Nicotine > Flashcards

Nicotine Flashcards

1
Q

Nicotine preperations

A 
cigarettes
-allows for self administration and maintenence of consistent plasma levels
cigars
pipes
e-cigs
smokeless
patches
gums
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2
Q

nicotine administration

A 
plant alkaloid
base with pka 8.0
Administration
-inhalation
-Buccal
-Nasal
-Transdermal
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3
Q

Nicotine absorbtion

A 
cigarettes
-via lungs (acidic)
cigars/pipes
-via mouth (basic)
smokeless
-via mouth (basic)
patches
-via skin
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4
Q

Nicotine biotransformation

A

Nicotine (half life ~2 hours)
-Cytochrome P450 (CYP2A6)
Cotinine (half life ~ 16 hours)

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5
Q

Individual variability in rates of nicotine metabolism

A

Caucasions > Asians = African-Americans

Females > males

Fast metabolizers consume more

  • dependent on level of cytochrome p450 gene
  • -metabolizes nicotine

Fast metabolizers less likely to quit

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6
Q

nicotinic receptors (ACh)

A 
Agonist action at receptor
-
Receptor Desensitization
-
Receptor upregulation
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7
Q

Locations of nicotinic receptors

A

Brain Neurons
Autonomic Ganglia
Skeletal muscles

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8
Q

Brain Choinergic Systems

A

Ventral Tegmental area

cortex/hippocampus

-review photo in slides

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9
Q

Nicotine Acute Cognitive and Physiological effects

A

arousal
attention
mental acuity
relaxation

increased respiration
anti-diuresis

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10
Q

Toxic effects of nicotine

A 
Dizziness
Nausea
Vomiting
Tremor
Respiratory Suppression
Seizures
Death
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11
Q

Nicotine Therapeutic uses

A

ZERO

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12
Q

Nicotine Potential treatments

A 
Depression
Schizophrenia
Alzeimers
Touret's Syndrom
ADHD
Anxiety
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13
Q

Nicotine Tolerance

A
  • Metabolic, Cellular, and Behavioral mechanisms
  • Cross Tolerance with Caffeine, Opioids, Antidepressants, Benzodiazepines
  • Tolerance leads to withdrawal symptoms
  • Acute and Chronic Withdrawal syndromes
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14
Q

symptoms f nicotine withdrawal

A 
irritability
Anxiety
Distraction
Restlessness
Insomnia
Hunger
Weight Gain
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15
Q

Nicotine Physical Dependence

A

Linked to nicotine tolerance

Withdrawal Sndroms

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16
Q

Dependence

A

Smoking - Acute Cellular Tolerance

Not Smoking - Onset of Withdrawal

Resume Smoking - Termination of Withdrawal

Cycle repeats

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17
Q

Dependence
(Smoking - Acute Cellular Tolerance)

A

Smoking Desensitizes Nicotinic Receptors

System Compensates by Increasing Receptors

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18
Q

Dependence
(Not Smoking - Onset of Withdrawal)

A

During Withdrawal, Receptors are Hyperresponsive

Withdrawal Symptoms Develop

19
Q

Dependence
(Resume Smoking - Termination of Withdrawal)

A

Receptors become occupied by nicotine

Withdrawal symptoms dissipate

20
Q

Nicotine Psychological Dependence

A

Strong Reinforcer

Acting Via Dopamine Systems

21
Q

Nicotine and Brain Systems

A

Dopamine Axons

Cholinergic Cell Bodies

Dopamine Cell Bodies

22
Q

Nicotine and Brain Systems

Dopamine Axons

A 
Nucleus Accumbens (NA)
-Stem out from cell bodies in Ventral Tegmental Area
23
Q

Nicotine and Brain Systems

Cholinergic Cell bodies

A

Laterodorsal (LDT)
Pedunculopontine (PPT)
-Communicates with Dopamine Cell Bodies around Substantia Nigra

24
Q

Nicotine and Brain Systems

Dopamine Cell Bodies

A

Ventral Tegmental Area

25
Q

Nicotine and the Dopamine Reward System

A

Nicotine Stimulates DA Neurons in VTA to Release DA in Nucleus Accumbens and PreFrontalCortex

LDT / PPT
-Release ACh act at nicotinic receptors
VTA
-Releases Dopamine at NA and PFC

26
Q

Factors in Smoking Addiction

A

Withdrawal Syndrome

Dopamine Reward System

Conditioning Cues

27
Q

Smoking Addiction Conditioning Cues

A

Sensory (Taste, Smell, Touch)

Mood

Social

28
Q

out of twenty people, how many will smoke, try to quit, actually quit, and fail quitting?

A

20 people

5 will smoke,
5 will try to quit,

1 will actually quit

4 will continue to smoke

29
Q

Motivations to smoke

A

Image

Rebellion

Peer Pressure

Stress Relief

Weight Control

Advertising

30
Q

Parmacotherapy for Smoking Addiction

A

Nicotine replacement

Buproprion

Varenicline

31
Q

Parmacotherapy for Smoking Addiction

Nicotine Replacement

A

Nicoderm or Nicorette

-occupies nicotinic receptors

32
Q

Parmacotherapy for Smoking Addiction

Buproprion

A

Antidepressant blocks dopamine reuptake

33
Q

Parmacotherapy for Smoking Addiction

Varenicline

A

Partial Nicotinic Receptor Agonist

34
Q

Annual US Deaths

A

Smoking: 430,000
Alcohol: 81,000
Other Drugs: 14,000

AIDS: 17,000
Car Accidents: 41,000
Murders: 19,000

35
Q

Death by smoking

A

Lung Cancer: 125,000

Other Cancers: 31,000

Other Diagnoses: 67,000

Secondhand Smoke: 38,000

Chronic Lung Disease: 82,000

Ischemic Heart Disease: 82,000

Stroke:
17,000

36
Q

Effects of Smoking on the Cardiovascular System

A

Increases Demand

Reduced Oxygen supply to heart

37
Q

Effects of Smoking on the Cardiovascular System

Increases Demand

A

Increases heart rate / Contraction

Increases Blood pressure

38
Q

Effects of Smoking on the Cardiovascular System

Reduces oxygen supply to heart

A

Artherosclerosis

Carbon Monoxide reduces affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen

Impairs Pulmonary function
(Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease)

39
Q

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

A

Combination of:
Emphysema
Chronic Bronchitis
Asthma

40
Q

Emphysema

A

The walls of the alveoli are damaged by inflammation. Alveoli can lose their natural elasticity, Become overstretched and rupture.

Several adjacent alveoli may rupture, forming one large space instead of many small ones

41
Q

Bronchitis

A

Chronic Brnochitis is a chronic inflammation and thickening of the walls of your bronchial tubes,
Which narrows them. It often induces coughing spells.

42
Q

Carcinogens in Cigarette Smoke

A 
can cause:
skin agin
lung disease and cancers
infertility
incontinence
Urinary Tract Disease and Cancers

Gum Disease
Heart Disease
Impotence
Poor Clotting

43
Q

Cigarette smoke cancers

A 
lung
mouth
throat
stomach
bladder

psychopharmacology test2 (8 decks)

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