NG 1 Flashcards

Question

What’s traveling in this vaginal process a.k.a. vaginal tunic

Answer 1

In males, there is this spermatic cord, which contains the genetic femoral nerve, testicular artery vein and vast difference with the cremaster muscle running alongside it (the cremaster muscle is not voluntary action)

Answer 2

The female genital tract being formed from the. **paramesonephric duct** The lack of Leydig cells in females —> low testosterone —> degeneration of the Mesonephric duct

Answer 3

Very high levels of Grobadotropin, such as FSH and LH This is because of the lack of negative feedback going to the hypothalamus So GnRH continues being secreted to the anterior pituitary

Answer 4

The follicular phase, where it is the follicle growing up until ovulation- tight uterus for sperm transport The luteal phase where progesterone is the main hormone and maintenance of pregnancy, and the corpora luteum is the main structure : from ovulation to corpora Lutea regression -soft for pregnancy

Answer 5

Diestrous is longer in monoestrous species Like the dog They have one to three cycles per year and long periods of Anestrous

Answer 6

Progesterone : this is why there has to be an increase in estrogen to cause the inc in FSH and LH to cause ovulation This is why there is atresia of follicles in the Diestrus and Metestrus phase

Answer 7

**Acrosomal reaction**: hydrolytic enzymes open and enter the zona pellucida —> sperm in perivitelline space —> (1) cortical granules from the space go to the zona pellucida to close the oocyte **cortical reaction/exocytosis** (2) DNA released from sperm (1N) mix Secondary oocyte that is arrested in meiosis 2 metaphase 2 (1N) —>mitosis (PMAT) —> morula [ compaction] —> blastocyst ruptures zona pellucida Slow block vs fast block by the cortical granules/reaction: Slow block cause polyspermy!!

Answer 8

In the cervix

Answer 9

Failure to detect heat and errors in heat detection Low efficiency y or accuracy

Answer 10

It is the rapid phase where they move countercurrent to the uterous the folds of the cervix help with slow phase Cervix —> uterus —> utero-tubular junction [ they get into the folds and dock here for 4-5 days waiting for the oocyte to come]= site of fertilization

Answer 11

There is increased motility and removed surface proteins from the sperm cell- allow for AR

Answer 12

timing and location: bind the zona pellucida (outside of the oocyte) process: sperm capacitation involves **acrosomal reaciton** and there is influx of the calcium and there is the fusion of the hydrolytic enzymes to move through the oocyte consequences - The AR shortens life span and removes the surface proteins —> **moves through the acrosin digested path and causes hyperactivated motility through path**

Answer 13

As we domesticate species we **increase** variability As we go from domestication—> landrace —> breed—> industrial breed there is **decrease** genetic variability

Answer 14

Smooth surface= benign Papillary = metastized

Answer 15

Cystic endometrial hyperplasia Due to high levels of progesterone that reduce the immune system Progesterone —> hyperplasia —> fluid —>pyometria • immune system is downregulated • Here this leads to pyometria because of bacteremia in the fluid build up **Common in bitch because of prolonged P4 inc in estrus +diestrus**

Answer 16

Intersex is common in pig -FREEMARTIN : a male twin and female twin • fusion of the placenta: 1. Exchange of cells 2. Exchange of hormones Suppression of female phenotype and enhance the male phenotype : fusion is too late to mess up the gonad but the hypothalamus is messed up • there are seminal vesicles • Short vagina Happens in cattle but all species can have this happen • usually in large animals that have one offspring cattle ; sometime horses and dogs

Answer 17

Horses have ovulation fossa within and they can drag in the fimbriae epithelium which is more secretory —> **cysts in ovulation fossa in aged mares which can affect and block ovulation!!** • not a problem for brood mare because in heat 1x a year; a performance mare will have this risk bc multiple heats

Answer 18

Spherical cysts are embryologic and dont impact fertility :) Tubular cyst :( they impact fertility and are post-inflammatory —> block fluid

Answer 19

Segmental aphasia Unilateral: can reproduce but since P4 only lutenize one side —> multiple cycles

Answer 20

After parturition then there are longitudinal grooves in the uterus —> the perineum will pinch off and look like cysts but they are NORMAL part of post-partum events

Answer 21

Physical exam -conformation, BSC Reproductive tract- Utrasound, Rectal palpation, Speculum Diagnostic test: Cytology, Culture (C+C together) and Biopsy

Answer 22

Choose horse with highest ischium **the vulva should be 80% below the ischium** Prevent the shelving with age — helps prevent endometiris [prequel to pyometra) and placentitis —dont wanna do the **Caslicks sx** with a lot of vulva on the ischium/shelf

Answer 23

Estrus: estrogen — soft tone [3] and uterine edema —cervix flop on the floor of the vagina — winking and squating Diestrus : progesterone CL — Firm tone for cervix and uterus — Portiovaginallis uteri is firm on speculum - in the middle — stay away from stallion or kick Pregnant : —very firm cervix - hold that shit in

Answer 24

Live cover - live or assisted Extended and Fresh/cooled [AI] : 2-3 days - so order when the mare in estrus [after the luteolyse- remove CL] Frozen [AI]: 6-12 hrs after thawing Into the cervix mainly (maybe uterine horn)

Answer 25

Iatrogenic, genetic, acquired due to hemodilution, hypotension, trauma Response: Direct pressure [finger], Hemostat, ligation, electrocautery, Gel foam Blot not wipe!

Answer 26

3 clamps A—cut—B—C B—C—1st throw B—C flashed —1st throw B—C flashed —knot

Answer 27

Lap sponge entire surface 75ml Lap sponge dripping 100ml Fully saturated 4x4 5ml Puppy pad fully soaked 500ml

Answer 28

*90 ml/kg is the total blood volume* 20% loss- crystalloid [LRS, normosol] 40% loss [hetastarch] >50% loss fatal

Answer 29

Mare 11mo Cow 9mo Small ruminant 5 mo Dog 2.5 mo Pig 3 mo 3 weeks 3 days

Answer 30

Embryo the uterus @day 5 after ovulation (cow,mare, small ruminant, cat), @3 days after (pig), @10 days after ovulation (dog) Cow - bovine interfereon tau prevents PGF @ day 15 Mare - embryo is very motile and uterine contractions in diestrus @ 11-16 days Ewe- Ovine interferon @ day 12-14 Sow -estradiol prevents PGF @day 11 Dog and cat the MRP is unknown

Answer 31

Primary is the major abnormalities- in the head/body/or severe tail defects these are made early on in the testis Secondary is the minor abnormalities like a distal droplet or detached head or tail kinked. These are minor problems due to the storage in the epididymus or maturation. The compensible are the sperm that CANNOT SWIM STRAIGHT - so increasing the dose with bent tail sperm can still mean the sperm get to oocyte — **tail deformity** Non-compensible are sperm with messed up heads or bodies that CAN SWIM STRAIGHT [normal tail] Increasing the dose does not mean a viable zygote bc shitty sperm can still get to it

Answer 32

It increases in the 2nd half of diestrus in the bitch and Tom It helps maintain the pregnancy with progesterone If it was reduced then it would cause abortion

Answer 33

Estrogen - made in the fetal gonads that increase water and sodium absorption by moms kidney —> inc placental blood flow —enlarged fetal gonad [horse] Progesterone : increase endometrial growth and ; decrease myometrial [uterine contraction decreased] Placental relaxin [carnivore and horse] -relaxation pubic symphysis and angiogenesis and glucose delivery to fetus Co, Sow ovary-relaxing

Answer 34

Histotrophic nutrition : **Diffusion of nutrients to the embryo [ chorionic placenta to yolk sac placenta] @ areolae** —Chorionic attaches embryo to uterus - trophoblast and mesoderm Hemotrophic nutrition : Blood exchange at the chorioallantoic placenta

Answer 35

Bitch, Queen 5-6/9 is ideal for the breeding of queen or bitch Athletic bitch - 4/9 Mare 5-6/9 for reproducing mare -dont want to be underweight will impact foal growth ; overweight will have longer estrous and hyperinsulinemia and increase inflammation Cow DAIRY 3-3.5/5 <3 low milk yield >3.5 lower dry matter intake >1 BCS loss —> weight loss in lactation will worsen next pregancy *Adjust BCS in late lactation* BEEF 5-6/9 <5 less pregnancy

Answer 36

>120ml/kg BW water [twice the amount for a normal animal] Bitch Body weight will increase by 15-25% and so the nutritional needs increase by 35-50% through gestation [** If bitch on adult maintenance then by *4 weeks of gestation* then switch to gestation lactation lactation diet** ] Queen on **gestation/lactation diet at breeding**: need reserves from early gestation for late lactation [ not eating as much] Monitor BCS of bitch/queen with RER and DER

Answer 37

DHA - **brain and neuro development and retinal development** -marine fish oil EPA High carbohydrate diet [non-fiber], calcium [to avoid hypocalcimea with small breed and big litter], protein Micronutrients - folic acid, zinc, iron, b vitamin, vitamin A for eyesight

Answer 38

It will say it is for all life stages or for the gestation and lactation diet

Answer 39

Least accurate to most: Gross E, Digestable E, Metabolizable energy, Net Energy Water and energy requirements go up 2x the maintenance [120 ml /kg BW minimum] Use BCS as a calorie meter **Requirements change throughout- high energy requirement in early lactation and late gestation** Protein: crude protein, metabolizable protein and net protein [dam] —> weight gain and birth weights and *immunity* Dietary fat : limited fats : inc PUFAs and Vitamin E together Calcium: Cow- avoid hypocalcemia [sign =tetany] Copper: **Endochondral ossification** - need fetus to have copper stores to avoid physitis Fiber carbohydrates : GI motility and the rumen mucosa Non-fiber carbohydrate: horse Euglycemia support Volatile fatty acid production via carbohydrates for energy

Answer 40

Forage +/- concentrate - forage may be able to be sufficient for pregnancy or lactation [may not need concentrate based on BCS] -**NDF: cell wall - higher the NDF the lower the quality of forage** Vitamin and mineral Cow: Total mixed ration for dairy cow -Dairy: early gestation there is more bulky food than in late gestation [ NDF guidelines in later gestation is lower] DM intake - need the fiber in the forage 2% Go off concentrate 2 weeks prior to weaning - consider rebreeding status and BCS AVOID *tall fescue grass* in late gestation = abortion

Answer 41

Regression of the cranial gonadal ligament [would be suspensory in carnivore female] Trans abdominal descent Trans inguinal descent - testosterone and gubernaculum

Answer 42

The termination of the ureter outside the trigone of bladder Male: proximal to urethralis m which is at the pelvic urethra = no incontinence Female : distal to the urinary sphincter/ vagina/ caudal urethra = incontinence

Answer 43

Carnivore and horse- the allantoic sac rupture — the amniotic sac has to be removed at birth: the allantoic sac cuts off amnion from chorion Ruminant and pig - no monitoring needed because the allantoic and amniontic sac are removed together at birth **both are fused to chorion**

Answer 44

Can see neutrophils in early diestrus and round parabasalar cells in diestrus Progesterone and prolactin (2nd month of diestrus) Preganacy 57.5 days from the start of diestrus

Answer 45

1ng/ml no literal tissue 2 NG/ml = LH peak (pre ovulation) 5ng/ml = ovulation (has to to estrogen and progesterone increasing in estrus to have standing behavior and ovulation *Chemoluminesce*

Answer 46

Potential brucellosis canis infection- need to test between breeding and every 3-6 months If clinical signs and + PCR/Culture If clinical signs and— 3 monthly tests of slide needed If - = no tests If + =AGID or PCR to rule out false positive

Answer 47

Infection or pyometra CANNOT use cytology to tell for breeding ready Can only tell if dog under influence of estrogen or not!!!! * tell with superficial epithelial cells

Answer 48

Be in the field for 70 days and get 60% of open cows pregnant every heat (3 tries)- should be about 95% pregnant

Answer 49

In ruminants and in pigs In ruminants if you see signs of stress, then 12 hours later, artificially inseminate into the uterine body

Answer 50

• OV-sync [Dairy]- handle 4 times GnRH CIDR for 7 days, PGF, 2 days later GnRH, 12 hrs later AI • CO-sync [Beef]-handle 3 times GnRH CIDR for 7 days, PGF, 2-3 days hrs later GnRH+AI • Select-Sync – GnRH and CIDR then 7 days later PGF – check for signs of heat at 6 days and AI • Pre-Sync- NO CIDR : this is just 2 rounds of PGF 14 days apart

Answer 51

Pigs -have to use synthetic progesteogen The CL forms at day 12 so saves 3 days of diestrus (15 days) in pigs

Answer 52

Small ruminant and pigs show good signs of estrus if housed away from male for long then exposed at time of puberty —> induce puberty then estrus

Answer 53

CL dependent : Sow, Goat/Doe, Bitch, Queen CL independent where placenta takes over progesterone 1/2 way through: Horse Cow Ewe

Answer 54

Uterine tube - mare and carnivore Broad ligament -ruminant and pig

Answer 55

External iliac in mare Internal iliac in cow and sow