NG 1 Flashcards
Defeminizing the male brain
There is a compound protein that wont let the estradiol come into the brain so there is a surge center in the female
• In female : makes the surge center
• In male ; testosterone crosses the BBB and then the surge center does NOT develop
Factors affecting age of puberty
Breed
Birth season :heifers in fall —>puberty earlier ; ewe in spring —> puberty early in fall different
Density of housing in pigs affect puberty age
Body weight and good nutrition
Biostimulation= intact male to get the women into estrus
The sires Scrotal circumference - female cows
Oogenesis and the arresting in stages
In oogenesis, diploid oogonium go through mitosis until one develops into a primary oocyte, which will begin the first meiotic division, but then arrest at meiosis 1 prophase 1; it will finish this division as it develops in the follicle, giving rise to a haploid secondary oocyte and a smaller polar body.
The secondary oocyte begins the second meiosis division and then arrests again at metaphase 2; it will not finish this division unless it is fertilized by a sperm; if this occurs, a mature ovum and another polar body is produced.
Mesonephric duct vs paranephric duct
Mesonephric duct is in males and it regresses in females
In males there are serotonin cells [ that allow for mullerian inhibiting factor] and leydig cells [ that have testosterone that stimulates mesonephric ducts and dihydroestrosterone for external genitalia]
The remnant of a miso nephric duct in a female
Gartner duct can pharmacist and get inflamed on the floor of the vagina
What makes the uterine horn in a female
Para Mesonephric duct
3 parts of the broad ligament
Mesovarium … suspends the ovary- Suspensory ligament and proper ligament of the ovary
Mesosalpinx … suspends the uterine tube (salpinx) and cover the lateral side of the ovary.
Mesometrium… suspends the uterine horns and body (round ligament aka the caudal gonad ligament in male )
Parts of uterine tube
Infundibulum
Ampulla
Isthmus
Uterotubal junction= end of oviduct
Where anatomic does gestation happen?
Uterine horns this pulls the ovary closer to the floor of ventral abdomen with pregnancy
Why are germ cells not destroyed by the immune system?
From diploid to aploid cell in the testes - the immune system should not destroy the aploid sperm cell —> this has a blood test barrier that protect the spermatozoa =immunologically privileged site
What part of the sperm has - “ hydrolytic enzymes to penetrate egg
Acrosome
What happens to the cranial gonadal ligament in the female versus the male?
In the female, it becomes the suspensory ligament of the ovary, and in the male mail it regresses
Explain the CCP, CSP, CSG
The Corpus spongiosum penis [CSP] is at the bulb of the penis around the penile urethra- this is part of the root and bulb of the penis with the bulbospongiosus
CSP continues through the
Corpus Cavernosum Penis [CCP] is with the tunica albuginea that has the 2 crus - part of the root allows for erection
— gone in the glans penis bc of the os penis
Corpus Spongiosum glandis is around the os penis and the urethra in the distal part of the penis
Why does the perineal urethrostomy bleed so much?
Because of the cavernous tissue that is a part of the bulbospongiosus muscle
THE CSP
What is the muscle that covers the crus of the penis and allows for sustained erection
THE ISCHIOCAVERNOUSUS MUSCLE
Has the CCP and the tunica albuginea that helps within it
Also helps with winking in horses
Extrinsic muscles of the penis
Retractor penis
Bulbospongiosus
Ischiourethralis
Ischiocavernosum - on crus
Where does the Metanephros migrate in the end of fetal development?
The metanephros is the kidney that is made in the pelvis and ascends cranially
Sympathetic innovation of the pelvis
Sympathetic innovation is given by the lumbar length nerve that are the Racho, lumbar and origin
Hypo gastric nerves are the only source of sympathetic fibers to the pelvic plexus and the pelvic organs
Where do parasympathetic innovation of the pelvis come from?
Pelvic Nerve is made up of sacral nerves one through three
These provide the only parasympathetic innovation to the pelvic plexus
Soul control of the external anal sphincter is given by which nerve
Coddle rectal nerve, so cutting it in a perineal hernia correction or anal gland. Resection can cause fecal incontinence.
This comes from the sacral spinal nerve
what lymph node drains all of the pelvic body wall, visceral organs and limbs
The medial iliac lymph node, which is a part of the iliosacral, lymph center. It forms a trunk at the aortic hiatus near the diaphragm, where there is a dilation due to all of the lymph moving into it.
Name two muscles that are part of the pelvic diaphragm
levator ani helps depress the tail and axes a sling
Coccygeoyus. It is lateral and more cranial than the levator ani
Which nerve helps with the perineal reflex
The pudendal nerve that is made up of the sacral and coccygeal nerve areas
These are the spinal nerves
Difference between perineal hernia versus inguinal hernia
Interchangeable per elnady- ring is open
A perineal hernia is because the muscles of the perineum, such as the retractor penis and other perineal muscles have separated, allowing for the pelvic contents to touch perineal skin
Inguinal hernia is when the vaginal ring is too wide, allowing for abdominal contents to escape
What’s traveling in this vaginal process a.k.a. vaginal tunic
In males, there is this spermatic cord, which contains the genetic femoral nerve, testicular artery vein and vast difference with the cremaster muscle running alongside it (the cremaster muscle is not voluntary action)
The lack of the Muellerian Inhibiting factor from the Sertoli cells results in
The female genital tract being formed from the. paramesonephric duct
The lack of Leydig cells in females —> low testosterone —> degeneration of the Mesonephric duct
Removal of the gonads, a.k.a. gonad ectomy results in
Very high levels of Grobadotropin, such as FSH and LH
This is because of the lack of negative feedback going to the hypothalamus
So GnRH continues being secreted to the anterior pituitary
What are the two phases of the estrous cycle?
The follicular phase, where it is the follicle growing up until ovulation- tight uterus for sperm transport
The luteal phase where progesterone is the main hormone and maintenance of pregnancy, and the corpora luteum is the main structure : from ovulation to corpora Lutea regression
-soft for pregnancy
Is diestrous longer in poly estrous or mono estrous species?
Diestrous is longer in monoestrous species Like the dog
They have one to three cycles per year and long periods of Anestrous
What hormone can follicles not become dominant in the prescience of?
Progesterone : this is why there has to be an increase in estrogen to cause the inc in FSH and LH to cause ovulation
This is why there is atresia of follicles in the Diestrus and Metestrus phase
differentiate among acrosome reaction, cortical reaction, zona reaction, and slow vs. fast blocks to polyspermy
Acrosomal reaction: hydrolytic enzymes open and enter the zona pellucida —> sperm in perivitelline space —> (1) cortical granules from the space go to the zona pellucida to close the oocyte cortical reaction/exocytosis (2) DNA released from sperm (1N) mix Secondary oocyte that is arrested in meiosis 2 metaphase 2 (1N) —>mitosis (PMAT) —> morula [ compaction] —> blastocyst ruptures zona pellucida
Slow block vs fast block by the cortical granules/reaction: Slow block cause polyspermy!!
Where does the sperm get deposited in the pigs and horses
In the cervix
