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Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Total glands for cattle, small ruminant, pig, dog, cat

A

cattle: 4 also supranummary teats which are removed
small ruminant: 2
pig:14
dog: 10
cat: 8

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2
Q

What is bovine milk made of

A

Solid part of milk is milk solids =12.6% in bovine (not water)
* Fat: 4%
* Non-fat: Protein, lactose, mineral
Protein: casein and whey protein

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3
Q

Fat vs protein in the cattle milk
Which should be the ratio

A

Increase grain —> increase proprionate —>inc lactose —> inc milk production
If we get too high in grain and too little forage : then there is not enough fat. [bad bc we want cheese and butter]
Fat should be higher than protein!! Can be 50-50
If protein high : rumen acidosis [ cause abscess, lameness, etc.]
If inc forage and lower grain - affect the production

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4
Q

Physiology of lactation

A

1 Embrygenesis and mammogenesis : mammary gland growth
2 Lactatogenesis - initiate milk secretion from alveoli
3 Lactation - galactokinesis (ejection of milk) and galactopoiesis (maintain lactation)
— increase stimulation, frequency of milking
— prolactin for milk, production and oxytocin for letdown
4 Involution -atrophy of mammary gland
—involution is why we need 50 days to dry off dairy cow

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5
Q

Agalactia in mares can be caused by

A

Prolactin inhibited by dopamine [fescue hay]

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6
Q

mechanism for initiation of parturition (including specific
hormones and their actions)

A

Fetal cortisol, and an active hypothalamic, pituitary pathway leads to
Placental P4 is converted to estradiol which leads to increased secretion and myometrial contractions
Also, relaxing, which relaxes the pelvic diaphragm
And there is luteolysis with prostaglandin

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7
Q

Ringwomb lmk

A

heritable
condition in sheep (mostly) where idiopathic failure of the cervix to dilate occurs
◦ C-section required; cull the ewe

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8
Q

What is the start of the trigger of parturition

A

Fetal maturation of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis
— when the fetus is able to make the cortisol from the adrenal gland + when the limited space makes the fetus stressed
—placental progesterone converted to the estradiol (for contractions and the lubrication) and relaxin and prostaglandin

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9
Q

What will happen to the progesterone levels at parturition?

A

They will drop (measured to identify parturition)
- no block on uterine contraction

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10
Q

Maternal causes of dystocia vs fetal causes of dystocia

A

Maternal :
Failure of expulsion [primary or secondary uterine inertia, abdominal contractions]
—(primary uterine inertia bc of Hydrops or hypocalcemia/pregnancy toxemia) (secondary uterine inertia bc of exhaustion or rupture )

Obstruction of birth canal (bony pelvis or soft tissue- vulva, vagina, cervix, uterus)

Lack of cervical dialation : ringwomb [heritable] or lack of stimulation or adhesion

Fetal:
HPA axis problem/ cortisol
Disproportionate size, death

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11
Q

Neonatal adaptations from in utero to the live

A

Neurologic
Respiratory
Cardiopulmonary
Endocrine HPA axis 5 days before birth
Energy metabolism hypoglycemia
GIT : permeable SI for immunoglobulins
Urinary
Thermoregulation
Nursing : CN needed,

Stand in 1 hr
Nurse by 2 hrs
Poop by 3 hrs

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12
Q

Neonatal exam normals equine

A

Stand in 1 hr (60-120 mins)
Nurse by 2 hrs
Poop by 3 hrs

Respond to visual stimulation 20-30 min
Respond to auditory stimuli 40 mins

Temp: 99-101.8
Initially bracdycardiac —> then rapidly tachycardia—> [80-100bpm]

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13
Q

In neonatal urine : what is it? What happens to weak bases and weak acids

A

Urine is acidic
Weak acids : excreted slower (unionized drugs reabsorbed back into blood)
Weak base: excreted faster
(Majority of the drug will become ionized in the urine and excreted)

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14
Q

4 locations in teat that have obstruction of milk

A

Teat orifice
Furstenburgs rosette
Teat sinus [part of the lactiferous sinus]
Angular fold BW the glands sinus and teat sinus

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15
Q

Suspensory ligament of the udder has what tissue

A

The medial suspensory lamina are elastic
The lateral lamina are fibrous to push the milk to the center

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16
Q

Equine teat vs Ruminant teat

A

Ruminant : 4 teat; with with 1 lactiferous sinus and 1 papillary orifice each
—smooth muscle in the teat canal

Horse: 2 teat with 2 lactiferous sinuses separated and 2 papillary orifices each
—closed by elastic fibers

Both : with cranial and caudal mammary a+v -cranial mammary v(aka caudal superficial epigastric v) connect to the cranial superficial epigastric to the caudal vena cava

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17
Q

Neonatal isoerythrolysis in cats

A

Immune destruction of RBC

When AB blood type kittens have colostrum from the Type B queen
—separate kitten for 24-48 hrs and give serum
—breed Type B queen with type B Toms

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18
Q

3 reflexes to check in puppy or kitten neonate

A

Suckle with finger
Rooting reflex
Righting reflex when on the back

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19
Q

Neonate problems commonly
3 H

A

Hypothermia
—no themoregulation till 4weeks
—Cause decreased metabolism, cant do nasogastric feeding bc low GI motility, bradycardia due to stress

Hypoglycemia
—immature glucose regulation till 10 days (4mo in toy breeds)
— if <39 mg/dl BG
—feed q2h!!! Dextrose on gums

Hypovolemia
— fluid changes regulation happens at 8 weeks (CV)
—fluid overload or fluid loss on kidneys and heart (Bradycardia)
—TX: isotonic fluids (crystalloids) and higher maintenance in neonate (100ml/kg/day dog)

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20
Q

Deworming flea/tick neonates :dog and cat

A

Dog: every 2 weeks till year round
Cat: every 2 weeks starting at 3 weeks till 9 weeks

pyrantel pamoate

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21
Q

why Large Animals are usually castrated

A

Castrate to make them manageable and focus
Horse : Without androgens the growth plates take longer to fuse —> to delay plate closure

Small ruminant: make their meat better

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22
Q

differences between an open,closed and modified closed castration HORSE

A

Horse: metomidine + butorphanol

Open -incise vaginal tunic and retract testicle and cord out of tunic
—Henderson tool : twist off after exteriorizing the testicle and spermatochord

Closed -do not incise vaginal tunic

Modified closed - strip cord and then incise tunic then emasculate the cord OVER the vaginal tunic

Always suture closed the vremaster and spermatochord separately

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23
Q

Complications of horse castration and want is recommended

A

Complications : Always edema. Hemorrhage, Evisceration(more common with open castration, and specific breed)
Septic funiculitis (spermatochord edema and pain and lameness), champignon (strep), septic peritonitis, scirrhous cord (non-painful bacteria)
Continued masculine behavior

Avoid complications with exercise for drainage, and NSAID for 5-7 days and antibiotics

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24
Q

What vaccine is needed before castration

A

Tetanus in Horse, small ruminant

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25
Small ruminants: Bloodless castration vs surgical
Newberry knife to pull and cut testicle Bloodless: clamp or tie —> ischemia and necrosis
26
When to do a C-section?
If there is no cervical dilation-Ferguson reflex is not working Uterine torsion that can be palpated through the rectum Small ruminant: Ringworm or cervical adhesions If the fetus will not fit through the pubisor canal move to C-section faster in horses than in cows during dystocia : with the posterior presentation, dorsal sacral position, Or bent posture —give 15mins in stage 2 horse —**do not induce horses or camelids; do c-section** Camelid if fetal HR <50bpm Sow and gilt obstructing cervix :
27
In ruminant dystocia
Try to rotate and apply chains to calves (and foals) **ALWAYS double loop at metatarsal and fetlock- distribute pressure**
28
If taking too long to get baby out and no obstruction
Give oxytocin, give calcium, glucose -induce if there is no change in 30 mins of stage 2
29
Neonatal resuscitation for cows
Sit neonate sternal, pat on both sides of chest to stimulate phrenic nerve, suction airway Check eyes: if cloudy then dead, if clear and no heart beat give epinephrine and do chest compressions If heartbeat but no resp then rub vigorously and make them breathe with straw in nose or cold water on head Dont hang upside down
30
3P of fetus in uterus
Presentation : anterior ideal Position: dorsum sacrum Posture : feet and head extended
31
Breach in small animal vs large animal
In small animal the posterior presentation is normal as anterior SA: tranverse presentation and obstructive In large animal : posterior presentation is abnormal
32
4-10 weeks for puppies what to do?
Expose to variable stimuli and people and have the fear time
33
How long do cats have to stay with the family?
12-15 weeks help learn inhibition of biting etc. (longer than dogs around 8 weeks)
34
Glucocorticoids from the fetus….
Stimulate maturation in lungs and kidney and liver and GIT
35
How often to feed neonate? Ruminant Pig
Ruminant: initially 4x/day then after 2 weeks 2x/day Pig: every 3 hours for 4 days—> then 2x/day
36
Milk contents and energy : structural vs non-structural carbohydrates and what they do? If there is a lot of grain and there is little forage =
Carbs make VFAs which are 60-8-% of the energy for ruminant **Non structural** carbs **concentrate/grain** make the proprionate which makes glucose and milk lactose —grain helps **amount** of milk **Structural** carbs **forages** make actetate and butyrate that are for fat synthesis —forage helps milk **fat** If there is a lot of grain and there is little forage = not enough fat, more milk
37
What does colostrum offer
Nutrients Immunoglobulins -immune function Antimicrobial Cell growth
38
Ejection of milk or milk let down in cows
Done with oxytocin which is the ejection
39
C-section for ruminant medication
Give pre-surgical antibiotics Xylazine for standing restraint Lidocaine block NSAID Oxytocin for milk let down and uterine evolution , and vasoconstriction to stop the bleeding
40
Fetotomy
Fetus too large Malpostion that cant be corrected Dead fetus Use Gigili wire
41
C-section vs induce off breeding dates
Never do C-section based off of breeding dates Induce in cow or goat or mare or sow based off it Use progesterone timing (decrease in P4), fetal maturation with ultrasound for bitches
42
Stress does what to neonatal or fetal heart rates?
It causes Bradycardia- lower HR (of the high fetal HR) if near the cervix or meconium
43
Dog is having dystocia
If there is black discharge, frank blood Take 2+hrs /pup Active contractions for 30+ mins or weak contractions for 4 hours without change
44
Passive transfer of immunity measure for foals vs Cria (camelids)
Foal: Good: IgG > 800 mg/dl FPT : IgG<400 Camelid: Good: >800mg/dL Complete FPT : IgG <600 mg or TS< 5 Cattle: Good : IgG>50g/L (500mg/dL) or >22% in refractometer Complete FPT: <18%
45
Risk categorization for a neonatal foal or cria is based on
The maternal risks like black discharge or dystocia The peropartum risk like twins or c-section, or FPT The environmental risk
46
How quickly should you examine for FPT/ immunoglobulins in foal
**After 12-24 hours** bc it takes 12 hrs to be absorbed by gut Colostrum should be given in <24 hours usually 2 hrs >24 hours: give 1-2L plasma with IgG **Always check the IgG**
47
Diagnosis of septicemia is done with seeing
tachycardia, tachypnea, fever, hypothermia CBC —decreased WBC bc of acute rx Chem Blood culture- for antibiotics Chemistry **Elevated fibrinogen (takes 2-3 days)- so can tell if infection happened in utero or after foaling**
48
**Negative** prognostic indicators for foals
High lactate Low post-suckle BG (<50) or very high (>180) High Serum amyloid A - shows chronic inflammation
49
What to treat septicemia with?
Beta lactation and aminoglycoside (concern with nephrotoxicity) —**CEFTIOFUR and AMIKACIN IV** — Amikacin and ampillicin **Cystalloids fluid usually LRS Colloids - like plasma with IgG** —Maintenance: 100ml/kg/day Eneteral fluids meh **Slow dextrose**
50
How to tell if there is enough Passive transfer/enough colostrum was given to the ruminant /pig
Total solids is higher than 5
51
Common cause of equine placentitis
Strep.zooepidemicus E.coli is not a primary pathogen; it’s there after the strep. Zooepidemicus
52
Fear starts in puppies at
4 weeks so be aware at that age 4-10weeks : socialize and experiences!!
53
Nephrotoxicity with __drug__ Cartilage toxicity with __drug__ Bone marrow toxicity ___drug__
Amikacin Enrofloxacin Chlorophenacol [orally given] Careful with septic foals
54
Ascending placentitis diagnosis
Early signs of parturition in mare but abortion —udder edema, milk production, perineal relaxation, vulvar relaxation **Transrectal Placenta thickness**- placenta and uterus walls to see if it is this — uterus will get thicker than normal at the cervical star Ultrasound No systemic signs usually : normal CBC/Chem
55
Systemic placentitis vs ascending placentitis
**Both abortion!! And not much systemic signs in mare! Abortion or septicemia in foal!!** Systemic placentitis : norcardiform (at uterine body or horn base), leptospirosis (diffuse) —NO treatment for mare **Ascending placentitis COMMON** : e.coli, strep zooepidemicus (at the cervical star) — early signs of parturition —Fix anatomy of mare (caslicks)
56
Fescue toxicity in mare causes
Abortion Prolonged gestation -big and weak Alagalcia Thickened placenta with early separation TX WITH Domperidone! Inc milk letdown
57
Prepubic tendon rupture caused by and treatment
Cause: Hydrops allantois [placenta abnormality], aged mares, bucking more Treatment: Induce parturition- this has poor prognosis for the mare and the foal especially if premature
58
Of the foaling traumas : uterus, cervix, vagina, vulva… which is the worst
The uterus tear is the worse because its can cause peritonitis if it is full thickness Next is the cervix because we need 50% of the cervix intact to give breed!
59
MARE Retained placenta is when… It can lead to… It can be treated by initially by… Then treated later by…
Retained placenta is when… — the placenta is hanging for >3hours It can lead to… —septicemia and death It can be treated by initially by… —**oxytocin, NSAID, uterine lavage with fluids and betadine, placental weights** Then treated later by… —Antibiotics, oxytocin, PGF, NSAID, uterine lavage frequently **Dont tear because can scar the uterus by pulling**
60
Urine of neonate and drug elimination
Neonatal urine is acidic → decreases elimination of weak acidic drugs because of retention/ reabsorbtion → increases elimination of weak bases because more is ion trapped in urine
61
To ensure lectation is working, what to do for energy requirement?
Free feed mom (bitch or queen) 3x the normal energy requirements Queen will produce milk based on how they were fed during the gestation - cats need energy reserves for lactation • cats will ALWAYS have weight loss during lactation • Feed growth diet during lactation Bitch will need free feeding during lactation- we can try to make sure that there is NO weight loss
62
Large animal milks have higher lactose levels which will cause problems in dogs
True Lactose will attract water into the GIT —> so they they will lose water from body and have DIARRHEA
63
Weaning of puppies and kittens happens at
4 weeks of age, and then it takes 4 weeks to wean off, give 4 meals per day!! 4 meals per day will optimize the stool quality —> help diarrhea —bc 25% of puppies at weaning will have diarrhea
64
Foal, beef calf, dairy calf BCS :
Foal : 4-5/9 back is level ribs felt Beef calf: 5-6/9 angularity of the pubis Dairy calf: 3-3.5/5 -bony prominence seen
65
non-genetic factor impacting endochondral ossification in large animals
Nutrition helps avaoid developmental orthopedic Disease (DOD) —osteochondrosis, angular limb deformity, physitis, wobbler syndrome Deficiency in protein can cause DOD Excess in energy can cause DOD
66
Describe key nutrients for the foal/calf
Water is key Forage — lower NDF is better (can meet 100% of requirement for energy and protein) —Cellulose : fiber Concentrate —supplement the forage with energy and calories —needed to fill in the micronutrient needs **2.5% BW per day in dry matter**
67
Position hemlock, tobacco, lupine are all going to cause what in cattle
They all cause congital contracture abnormalities that are best identified by finding plant —arthrogryposis - torticollis —kyphosis —scoliosis
68
Pine needles in cattle causes
Constriction of arteries to the caruncle —> premature parturition
69
CNS problems and heart failure in calves [neonates] is due to chronic ingestion of…
Locoweeds —wont affect cow/hiefer — can affect fetus and placenta and decrease conception —cause abortion
70
What antibiotics get chelated in milk
Enrofloxacin (floroquinolone) and tetracycline
71
What to give a septic foal
Beta lactatam (ceftiofur, potassium penicillin) and aminoglycoside (Amicakin - nephrotoxic)
72
Muscle relaxation for foal
Butorphanol/buprenorphine and midazolam (opioids and benzodiazepine)
73
Effects of fescue on cattle vs horses
Cattle : The endophyte infected fescue causes vasoconstriction and **frostbite lesions due to heat stress** — decreased estrus, more embryo loss —delays puberty Horse: suppress prolactin and cause agalactia if eaten in last 90 days of gestation —causes prolonged gestation (large foal but bad muscle) —thickened placenta —> dummy foal
74
What ingested toxin in the dairy industry affects more male bulls
Glossypol - it is cottonseed that has toxic effect overtime esp in bull sperm bc testicular damage
75
When do lambs ingest toxin to become cyclops?
At 12-14 days of gestation Ingest veratrum californicum
76
Zearalenone
Estrogenic fungus on wet corn **ingested by pigs that causes estrogen influence** —> enlarge vulva and rectal/vaginal prolapse **No implantation but show signs of estrus** Tx. Mycotoxin binder in feed
77
How long does it take for good renal function in foal/calf vs pup/kitten
In large animals: there is good renal function after about a week In small animals it takes about 10 weeks to get good kidney and GFR function — important in elimination of nephrotoxic drugs (like the aminoglycoside -amicain/NSAIDs)
78
Why do puppies that are the runt of the litter become obese later in life
Because of the thrifty phenotype. This means that because they were able to survive with less they change their metabolism Mother is not receiving enough nutrients—> the kitten or puppy will learn how to thrive with less nutrients —> those puppies and kittens will do well with less * smaller puppies and kittens will grow faster —> higher risk of obesity or overweight
79
Spaying and neutering in puppy growth vs kitten growth
Puppy: wont affect the growth of the puppy - same curve Kitten: should lower the feed - bc less energy requirements after neuter/spay
80
Nutritional hyperparathyroidism is caused by
An inverse calcium:phosphorous ratio (1-2:1 want) —more P so inc in PTH —> calcium goes out of the bone —> fractures Calcium excess also causes: - decreased skeletal remodeling bc more calcium goes into the bone
81
Foal growth rate
50% of adult body weight achieved by 6 months
82
Calves growth rate
For 2 years : the weight will double ever 2 months Different weight for beef calf : —cow-calf —stocker/backgrounding —feedlot
83
In birds which side of the ovary and oviduct is fully developed?
Only the left side is developed fully
84
Where does fertilization occur in the bird?
In the tubular portion of the infundibulum the egg is fertilized and cushioned with albumin. —(Sperm can be stored for a week) then it goes to the uterus where the shell is made then ovaposition happens (deposit egg in vagina)
85
Percocial vs altricial chicks: which have a larger flock
Percocial species have larger flocks because they are able to take care of themselves
86
Egg impaction in birds
Dystocia - give fluids glucose, calcium, oxytocin
87
Viral infections of the birds : Egg drop syndrome Infectious bronchitis Virus Acute oophitis and salpangitis
Viral infections of the birds : **all drop egg production and soft shelled eggs** Egg drop syndrome :atadenovirus which dec the number of eggs and thin shells Infectious bronchitis Virus: thin shells and **cyst on the oviduct** Acute oophitis and salpangitis : inflammed follicles and oviduct
88
What fungal disease in birds is infectious but not contagious
Aspergillus (the exploders of eggs)
89
Cystic oviduct in bird ddx
Infectious bronchitis virus Zearalenone mycotoxin - mold

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