Exam 3 Flashcards
Total glands for cattle, small ruminant, pig, dog, cat
cattle: 4 also supranummary teats which are removed
small ruminant: 2
pig:14
dog: 10
cat: 8
What is bovine milk made of
Solid part of milk is milk solids =12.6% in bovine (not water)
* Fat: 4%
* Non-fat: Protein, lactose, mineral
Protein: casein and whey protein
Fat vs protein in the cattle milk
Which should be the ratio
Increase grain —> increase proprionate —>inc lactose —> inc milk production
If we get too high in grain and too little forage : then there is not enough fat. [bad bc we want cheese and butter]
Fat should be higher than protein!! Can be 50-50
If protein high : rumen acidosis [ cause abscess, lameness, etc.]
If inc forage and lower grain - affect the production
Physiology of lactation
1 Embrygenesis and mammogenesis : mammary gland growth
2 Lactatogenesis - initiate milk secretion from alveoli
3 Lactation - galactokinesis (ejection of milk) and galactopoiesis (maintain lactation)
— increase stimulation, frequency of milking
— prolactin for milk, production and oxytocin for letdown
4 Involution -atrophy of mammary gland
—involution is why we need 50 days to dry off dairy cow
Agalactia in mares can be caused by
Prolactin inhibited by dopamine [fescue hay]
mechanism for initiation of parturition (including specific
hormones and their actions)
Fetal cortisol, and an active hypothalamic, pituitary pathway leads to
Placental P4 is converted to estradiol which leads to increased secretion and myometrial contractions
Also, relaxing, which relaxes the pelvic diaphragm
And there is luteolysis with prostaglandin
Ringwomb lmk
heritable
condition in sheep (mostly) where idiopathic failure of the cervix to dilate occurs
◦ C-section required; cull the ewe
What is the start of the trigger of parturition
Fetal maturation of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis
— when the fetus is able to make the cortisol from the adrenal gland + when the limited space makes the fetus stressed
—placental progesterone converted to the estradiol (for contractions and the lubrication) and relaxin and prostaglandin
What will happen to the progesterone levels at parturition?
They will drop (measured to identify parturition)
- no block on uterine contraction
Maternal causes of dystocia vs fetal causes of dystocia
Maternal :
Failure of expulsion [primary or secondary uterine inertia, abdominal contractions]
—(primary uterine inertia bc of Hydrops or hypocalcemia/pregnancy toxemia) (secondary uterine inertia bc of exhaustion or rupture )
Obstruction of birth canal (bony pelvis or soft tissue- vulva, vagina, cervix, uterus)
Lack of cervical dialation : ringwomb [heritable] or lack of stimulation or adhesion
Fetal:
HPA axis problem/ cortisol
Disproportionate size, death
Neonatal adaptations from in utero to the live
Neurologic
Respiratory
Cardiopulmonary
Endocrine HPA axis 5 days before birth
Energy metabolism hypoglycemia
GIT : permeable SI for immunoglobulins
Urinary
Thermoregulation
Nursing : CN needed,
Stand in 1 hr
Nurse by 2 hrs
Poop by 3 hrs
Neonatal exam normals equine
Stand in 1 hr (60-120 mins)
Nurse by 2 hrs
Poop by 3 hrs
Respond to visual stimulation 20-30 min
Respond to auditory stimuli 40 mins
Temp: 99-101.8
Initially bracdycardiac —> then rapidly tachycardia—> [80-100bpm]
In neonatal urine : what is it? What happens to weak bases and weak acids
Urine is acidic
Weak acids : excreted slower (unionized drugs reabsorbed back into blood)
Weak base: excreted faster
(Majority of the drug will become ionized in the urine and excreted)
4 locations in teat that have obstruction of milk
Teat orifice
Furstenburgs rosette
Teat sinus [part of the lactiferous sinus]
Angular fold BW the glands sinus and teat sinus
Suspensory ligament of the udder has what tissue
The medial suspensory lamina are elastic
The lateral lamina are fibrous to push the milk to the center
Equine teat vs Ruminant teat
Ruminant : 4 teat; with with 1 lactiferous sinus and 1 papillary orifice each
—smooth muscle in the teat canal
Horse: 2 teat with 2 lactiferous sinuses separated and 2 papillary orifices each
—closed by elastic fibers
Both : with cranial and caudal mammary a+v -cranial mammary v(aka caudal superficial epigastric v) connect to the cranial superficial epigastric to the caudal vena cava
Neonatal isoerythrolysis in cats
Immune destruction of RBC
When AB blood type kittens have colostrum from the Type B queen
—separate kitten for 24-48 hrs and give serum
—breed Type B queen with type B Toms
3 reflexes to check in puppy or kitten neonate
Suckle with finger
Rooting reflex
Righting reflex when on the back
Neonate problems commonly
3 H
Hypothermia
—no themoregulation till 4weeks
—Cause decreased metabolism, cant do nasogastric feeding bc low GI motility, bradycardia due to stress
Hypoglycemia
—immature glucose regulation till 10 days (4mo in toy breeds)
— if <39 mg/dl BG
—feed q2h!!! Dextrose on gums
Hypovolemia
— fluid changes regulation happens at 8 weeks (CV)
—fluid overload or fluid loss on kidneys and heart (Bradycardia)
—TX: isotonic fluids (crystalloids) and higher maintenance in neonate (100ml/kg/day dog)
Deworming flea/tick neonates :dog and cat
Dog: every 2 weeks till year round
Cat: every 2 weeks starting at 3 weeks till 9 weeks
pyrantel pamoate
why Large Animals are usually castrated
Castrate to make them manageable and focus
Horse : Without androgens the growth plates take longer to fuse —> to delay plate closure
Small ruminant: make their meat better
differences between an open,closed and modified closed castration HORSE
Horse: metomidine + butorphanol
Open -incise vaginal tunic and retract testicle and cord out of tunic
—Henderson tool : twist off after exteriorizing the testicle and spermatochord
Closed -do not incise vaginal tunic
Modified closed - strip cord and then incise tunic then emasculate the cord OVER the vaginal tunic
Always suture closed the vremaster and spermatochord separately
Complications of horse castration and want is recommended
Complications : Always edema. Hemorrhage, Evisceration(more common with open castration, and specific breed)
Septic funiculitis (spermatochord edema and pain and lameness), champignon (strep), septic peritonitis, scirrhous cord (non-painful bacteria)
Continued masculine behavior
Avoid complications with exercise for drainage, and NSAID for 5-7 days and antibiotics
What vaccine is needed before castration
Tetanus in Horse, small ruminant
Small ruminants: Bloodless castration vs surgical
Newberry knife to pull and cut testicle
Bloodless: clamp or tie —> ischemia and necrosis
When to do a C-section?
If there is no cervical dilation-Ferguson reflex is not working
Uterine torsion that can be palpated through the rectum
Small ruminant: Ringworm or cervical adhesions
If the fetus will not fit through the pubisor canal
move to C-section faster in horses than in cows during dystocia : with the posterior presentation, dorsal sacral position, Or bent posture
—give 15mins in stage 2 horse
—do not induce horses or camelids; do c-section
Camelid if fetal HR <50bpm
Sow and gilt obstructing cervix :
In ruminant dystocia
Try to rotate and apply chains to calves (and foals)
ALWAYS double loop at metatarsal and fetlock- distribute pressure
If taking too long to get baby out and no obstruction
Give oxytocin, give calcium, glucose
-induce if there is no change in 30 mins of stage 2
Neonatal resuscitation for cows
Sit neonate sternal, pat on both sides of chest to stimulate phrenic nerve, suction airway
Check eyes: if cloudy then dead,
if clear and no heart beat give epinephrine and do chest compressions
If heartbeat but no resp then rub vigorously and make them breathe with straw in nose or cold water on head
Dont hang upside down
3P of fetus in uterus
Presentation : anterior ideal
Position: dorsum sacrum
Posture : feet and head extended
Breach in small animal vs large animal
In small animal the posterior presentation is normal as anterior
SA: tranverse presentation and obstructive
In large animal : posterior presentation is abnormal
4-10 weeks for puppies what to do?
Expose to variable stimuli and people and have the fear time
How long do cats have to stay with the family?
12-15 weeks help learn inhibition of biting etc. (longer than dogs around 8 weeks)
Glucocorticoids from the fetus….
Stimulate maturation in lungs and kidney and liver and GIT
How often to feed neonate?
Ruminant
Pig
Ruminant: initially 4x/day then after 2 weeks 2x/day
Pig: every 3 hours for 4 days—> then 2x/day
