Final Exam Flashcards
defense mechanisms of udder and how management may affect them
Teat canal has antimicrobial substances and is the first barrier
— Keratin is in the teat canal like ear wax =traps bacteria bc it is sticky and has bacteriostatic compounds
— The teat canal stays open for 2 hours after milking: want it closed
—Antibodies, lactoferrin/lactoperoxidase
Leukocytes in mammary gland - macrophage and lymphocyte and PMN [innate immunity] —> with mastitis =neutrophils
Procedures for milking a cow
Maintain cow hygiene at teat end: hands soil bedding , contaminated milk
1 forestrip/ Strip
2 Pre-dip - 30 seconds
3 1 cloth to DRY teat Spin the cloth and come down the teat end
4 attach milk unit with 90-120 s of teat stimulation
5 Attach milking unit
6 shut off vacuum and detach
7 post dip disinfectant
Mastitis diagnosed
Teat end lesions can cause mastitis : has a lot to do with over milking
View SCC which is an indicator of milk quality - low somatic cell count is good <150,000wbc/ml of milk
Predominant cell type is NEUTROPHILS in mastitis
—High likelihood of infection if higher SCC in value
Forestriping- allows to check for mastitis
Check teat end cleanliness score
What is the lag time for good milk letdown
90 seconds from time of stimulation to putting milking units on- BIGGEST INFLUENCE ON RAPID AND COMPLETE MILKING
— if too long then can have reverse flow of milk and less milk production and mastitis
Mastitis definition
inflammation of the milk secreting tissues
of the udder, typically due to a bacterial
infection (~90%)
— common in dry period and around calving (early lactation)
Diagnose the various forms of mastitis ( systemic, acute, subclinical etc) based on clinical signs and diagnostic tests
More subclinical mastitis than clinical
Clinical :
— seen in milk or inflammed bladder
— this is why we strip the milk -smell and see
— local vs systemic
Subclinical: 90%
— no evidence - need special test
— Electrical conductivity or California mastitis test to see SCC
various forms of mastitis with particular pathogens
Contagious pathogens usually chronic subclinical mastitis : Staph aureus, Strep agalactiae, Mycoplasma, sometimes Strep uberis and Prototheca (both environmental and contagious)
treatment protocols for the various forms of mastitis
Culturing is profitable bc if no growth then no treatment
Local clinical mastitis : intrammary treatment bc no systemic signs just milk drop
—or no antibiotics [resistance]
Systemic mastitis : off feed and dehydration and dehydration —> worse is gangrenous (necrosis of the tissue)
— most commonly systemic mastitis is by coliform pathogens (gram negative bacteria in environment : ecoli, enterobacterias family, klebsiella) —>release endotoxins —> inflammed udder
—IV fluids and oral fluids and remove organic debris in environment and anti-inflammatory and antibiotics
Subclinical mastitis : increased somatic cell count in normal looking milk ; overall less milk production
—remove the cow from the herd bc the antibiotics wont work well
preventive measures to control mastitis in general and as it relates to particular organisms
MMA treatment for sows
Give antibiotics antiinflammatory and oxytocin [which is lacking due to the stress]
MMA happens due to prolonged gestation, large little and fever or fat sow
Gold standard for urinary tract pathology in horses
Ultrasound
How electrolyte to measure to make sure a horse a good candidate for anesthesia
Hyperkalemia correct before anesthesia (<5.5)
—IV fluids wo K
—sodium bicarb
—dextrose
Neonatal inflammation of the umbilicus in the first 4 weeks is called____ and it is commonly caused by __
Clinical signs :
Diagnosis :
Treatment :
Neonatal inflammation of the umbilicus is called omphalitis and it is commonly caused by infection
Clinical signs : straining to urinate, purulent material from umbilicus
Diagnosis : CBC and ultrasound and potential sepsis
Treatment : Antibiotics and resection of reminant
Most common malformation of the equine urinary tract
Patent urachus - acquired or congenital seen in ultrasound/ urine dribble
—reseccation if doesn’t close in 3 days
Foal that’s normal for first 3 days then foal crashes with abdominal distension
Uroperitoneum - abdominal ultrasound
Surgery to take out umbilical artieries and vein then close bladder
Uroperitoneum / uroabdomen
Omphalitis
Patent urachus- umbilical resection
What to administer for a retained placenta in a dog
NOTHING! No antibiotics
Let puppies nurse for oxytocin
When can low amounts of degenerate neutrophils be normal?
Vaginal cytology after birth for dog
acute metritis versus Acute mastitis
Acute metritis is of the endometrium and myometrium happens 7 to 14 days postpartum
— keep puppies nursing
Acute mastitis is the memory gland, and can happen anytime during lactation
— do not let puppies nurse on abscesses or gangrenous teat
Both need antibiotics immediately because of systemic illness
What stage are the hook worms when they feed on blood
L4 so its not an adult/sexually mature - so transmammary transmission happens—> infection before 2 weeks [6-9days] —>diarrhea and anemia in puppies
Neonatal diarrhea in cattle caused by which parasite
Cryptosporidium parvum -zoonotic
—need fire to remove it from surfaces
porcine neonatal coccidiosis
Cystoisospora suis
Piglet diarrhea - small intestine
Flexural limb deformity vs angular limb deformity
Limb deformities in foals can be subdivided into two major groups:
1) angular limb deformities, in which there is deviation, primarily in the frontal plane, originating at a joint and/or growth plate;valgus /varus
2) flexural limb deformities, in which there is persistent hyperflexion or hyperextension of the limb.
Valgus malformation surgical correction and details
Periosteal elevation- for growth on the lateral sides
—cannot over correct
Retardation - with a staple, plate, screw on the medial aspect for more severe angular deformity
—2 surgeries and can over correct
