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Next Gen > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe any adverse outcomes of
performing this examination in the female.

A

Rectal tear with hemorrhage
Tight ring of rectum needs to relax

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2
Q

Most common ovarian tumor in a horse

A

Granulosa (Theca) Cell Tumor- GCT/GTCT

Behavioral changes
◦ Aggression
◦ Stallion like
◦ Markedly prolonged estrous
◦ Anestrus (less common)

Benign and slow growing on ovary

Diagnose with ultrasound and hormone assay :
—1 enlarged and 1 inactive
— Low progesterone, high testosterone, high inhibin

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3
Q

What are some cycling abnormalities associated with ovary

A

Ovarian hematoma - painful ovary
Persistent CL
Hemorrhagic anovulatory follicles -follicles dont ovulate= long interovulatory period
—caused by prostaglandin/ NSAID and uterine inflammation
Anestrus - seasonal, starvation, silent heat, endometrial cups- made at 35 days- takes 120d to go away, developmental, senescence

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4
Q

What happens when the urethra is dorsal to the cervix

A

Urine moves with gravity so the urine will move out of the urethra and back into cervix with this confirmation - urine pooling
Cause inflammation and scarring —> lower fertility

Treatment : surgery to alter urethra and lengthen it

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5
Q

Foaling trauma in horses : vagina, cervix, uterus

A

Rectovaginal fistula: Surgical repair in 6 weeks to allow for tissue granulation - but move the leg out of the rectum when foaling

Cervical tear: need at least 50%of cervix to maintain a pregnancy — tear can distrust dialation and clearance of cervical and uterus fluid

Uterine periforations - and enter the abdominal cavity —> probably for mare

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6
Q

What modalities dont confirm the viability of the pregnancy

A

Hormonal assay
Ballottement - deep palpation in sheep to feel fetal structure
Radiographs

Only one that DOES confirm viability is Ultrasound

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7
Q

What is pregnancy associated glycoprotein used for?

A

PAGs are from placenta in bovine
- 28 days to form and needs to wait 90days post-partum to detect

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8
Q

4 cardinal signs of pregnancy in bovine

A

Membrane slip of chorioallantois d35
Amniotic vesicle d35
Placentomes d75
Fetus d65

Need 2-4 of the signs^

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9
Q

Why should you check on day 14 of equine pregnancy

A

Because the embryo is no longer bouncing, it is implanting to the uterus wall on day 16—> then migrates bottom to top with the sacs made

This is to reduce the twins and viability can be checked at day 25

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10
Q

Hormones for pregnancy
PAG
Ecg
Estrone sulfate
Relaxin

A

PAG- bov At 28 days and 90 days postpartum
Ecg- eq endometrial cups at 35 days and last 120 days after they are made
Estrone sulfate- eq @90d and pig @30 days from fetal gonads
Relaxin- canine placenta @ 21 days ; feline

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11
Q

Transrectal vs transabdominal ultrasound for species

A

Transrectal
- cow
- equine [initally- day9-10]
-small ruminant
- camelid [day 12]

Transabdominal
-equine late gestation with uterus more ventral
-small ruminant
-porcine/sow- fully 23days gestation
-canine @ 22 days
-feline @21 days

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12
Q

Species born with amniotic sac

A

Equine and carnivore are born with the amniotic sac bc allantois seperates - the allantois is dorsal and ventral

Sow and ruminant are not born with any sac -allantois is ONLY VENTRAL

Both the allantoic and amniotic sac are made up of fetal urine

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13
Q

Vittelline intestinal duct
Aka Yolk stalk = vitelline duct = omphalomesenteric duct

A

It is connecting the yoke sac [which should regress] to the midgut
If this duct is maintained then there will be feces from umbilicus

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14
Q

How many umbilical arteries are there?
What type of blood so they carry

A

There are 2 umbilical arteries that carry deoxygenated blood back to placenta
—sounds the Urachus

2 umbilical arteries in fetus become the round ligament of the urinary bladder!!

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15
Q

What is the remnant of the umbilical vein

A

There is 1 vein within the fetus which is the left umbilical vein —> round ligament of the liver [ runs in the falciform ligament]

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16
Q

If the allantoic stalk does not close in fetal life

A

If the allantoic stalk does not close in fetal life : Patent urachus - urine dribbles out of umbilicus

Patent urachus = urachus fistula = dribble

Urachus cyst =part of urachus left leading to cyst in abdomen

Urachus sinus = the part of urachus distal to the bladder is not closed —> serous fluid build up and leak

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17
Q

What is the difference between umbilical hernia, gastroschisis, omphalocele

A

Umbilical hernia is covered with normal skin- can be normal in development then closed

During development:
Omphalocele : is a problem bc the GIT intestines dont return AND covered by speritoneum, Wharton’s jelly , amnion

Gastroschisis - the abdominal muscles dont meet at midline body wall defect AND no sacs- the visceral touch the amniotic fluid

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18
Q

Pyometra: horse

A

Closed
Scarring of cervix from breeding and the pus builds in the uterus bc the cervix wont dialate
• not systemically ill
Tx: drain and lavage
Surgery: open cervix and continued drainage
Prognosis is good ; wont get pregnant!

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19
Q

Diagnosis of twins in equine
When to terminate?

A

2 large follicles at estrus
2 embryos at pregnancy check at day 14 —> ideal time to reduce manually

Natural reduces into 1 embryo by day 40
Terminate pregnancy
—14-16 days = ideally manually to squish
—till 45 days = transvaginally squish
—>60 days = cervical dislocation

—by day 35 before endometrial cups

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20
Q

Inflammed penis and prepuce

A

Balanoposthitis

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21
Q

Uterus vs vagina/cervix: What is more susceptible to infection?

A

Uterus because elf the columnar epithelium cells
-less mucosal immunity in the uterus than the vagina and Cedric that has stratified squamous

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22
Q

Progesterone in bitches mares and cows
Connect ecoli, CEH, pyometra

A

Decreases myometrial activity and retains the potential pathogens

older bitches get cystic endometrial hyperplasia with P4 and ecoli causing thickening and cysts —> predispose to pyometra

Progesterone (with estrogen priming) → ↑ susceptibility to bacterial infections by inducing
fluid accumulation in endometrial glands and uterine lumen,
suppressing leukocyte activity and decreasing myometrial activity

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23
Q

Bacteria in females genital tracts : abortion or not

A

Non-pregnant bacterial infection = endometritis, metritis, pyometra

Decrease fertility : CEH

Pregnant bacterial infections of uterus =abortion

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24
Q

Late term abortions due to leptospirosis

A

Cattle pigs and horses
Stagnant water cases

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25
Q

Campylobacter transmission and spp.

A

Ingestion [C. Jejuni and C. Fetus ssp. Fetus]
—C. Fetus ssp. Fetus: abortion in sheep bc go to placenta

Venereal [C fetus ssp venerealis-cattle] — C fetus ssp venerealis = ascending infection that causes abortion and infertility in FEMALE cows

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26
Q

Causes of abortion bacteria

A

Brucellosis [all], campylobacter [cattle, sheep, all], leptospirosis [horse, pig, cattle], listeria [ruminant]

Bold = venereal transmission of bacteria

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27
Q

Listeria monocytogenes forms in ruminants

A

It is zoonotic. [like brucellosis]

Visceral- abortion and septicemia with dissemination
—neonatal septicemia
—liver milk spots
—late term abortion [also like lepto, campylobacter, brucella]
Neurologic

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28
Q

Sterile fluid vs pyometra in uterus : diagnostics

A

Cannot differentiate with an ultrasound the purulent dc and hydrometra or mucometra

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29
Q

Perivulvular dermatitis signalment and treatment

A

More in spayed females and dogs prepuberty
—recessed vulva and skin folds (obese)
—Underlying cause is vaginitis, UTI and urinary incontinance

Tx weight loss and episioplasty to remove vulva hood in severe case

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30
Q

Juvenile vaginitis vs adult-onset vaginitis

A

Juvenile vaginitis : before puberty and bc of low immune system
—inflammatory cytology - no degenerative neutrophils or bacteria
—wait till resolves after 1-2 heats before spay

Adult onset vaginitis (INTACT)
—virus/bacteria or anatomical (stricture)/neoplasia
—degenerate neutrophils in inflammatory cytology with bacteria (e.coli)
—hyperemic mucosa
Tx cytology/culture and susceptibility with antibiotics or anatomy correction

Adult onset vaginitis. (SPAYED)
—spay —>no estrogen influence —> vaginal atrophy —> chronic inflmmatory non-degenerate neutrophils with bacteria
—supplement incurin/estriol =estrogen for increased vagina defense

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31
Q

Most common in that first trimester (most concerned early to mid pregnancy) = more organ development so the most suspetility to teratogens [ varies with species]

A

Dogs – days 14-30
Cats – days 14-26
Horses – less than day 60

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32
Q

Neospora vs Toxoplasma gondii

A

Neospora:
—DH: dogs
—IH that abortion occurs: Cattle and small ruminants
— infection causes abortion —> will need to cull

Toxoplasma :
—DH: cat
—IH that abortion occurs only in tachyzoite life stage: small ruminants and cattle
— infection in early pregnancy

33
Q

Herpes causes abortion in all species except

A

Small ruminants
+cat

34
Q

Most common problem in intact >5yr aged male dogs

Pathology?

A

Benign prostatic hyperplasia :
It is the metabolite of testosterone that causes this condition

WILL happen in intact male dogs!!! It is relative decreased testosterone with age and intact male —> cause more inc in estrogen [change ratio]—> INCREASED androgen receptors in prostate to increase sensitivity of response to DHT —> prostatic hyperplasia

Tx: Castrate or Finasteride lifelong [block enzyme]

35
Q

Clinical signs of BPH

A

Enlarged symmetric smooth non-painful prostate
Stranguria, blood in 3rd fraction and decrease in semen quality
Cysts in prostate

36
Q

SMEDI

A

Stillbirth
Mummification
Early death
Infertility

Happens with porcine parvovirus

37
Q

Most common neoplasm of bitch

A

Mammary tumor _ more in small animals

50% in a sin gl e gl a n d
70% in th e c a u d a l gl a n d(s)

38
Q

How do animals get affected by toxoplasma Gondi?

A

When they eat the feces of the cat with oocyst in them bc of food or water contamination [not really direct contact] - often in small ruminants and humans
—become tachyzoites in intermediate host and infect placenta

39
Q

Which animal needs to be culled?
Cattle with Neospora caninum
Small ruminant with toxoplasma

A

Cattle with Neospora caninum need to be culled
- more likely that there are multiple abdortions
- more likely for the Bradyzoite to turn back into tachyzoite —>so no matter when the dam was infected there is always a chance of fetal abortion with neospora

40
Q

The endemic pattern of Neospora infection and the subclinical infection is caused by…

A

Transmission within the cattle (endogenous transmission) : from dam to fetus

*only the EPIdemic is caused by the dog feces/exogenous transmission *
—>10% infected over 2 months

41
Q

Protozoan Apicomplexan intracellular (Neospora and toxoplasma) vs Tritrichomonas foetus

A

Toxoplasma and Neospora are
— intracellular
— have tachyzoite—> bradyzoite
—ingested transmission [in GIT of cat and dog]
—Toxoplasma: reabsorbtion, abortion and PI
—Neospora: fetal abortion and PI —> cull cattle
—DIAGNOSIS : Serology , histopathology of fetus, PCR

Trictrichimonas foetus
—extracellular
— trophozoite
—need to cull the bulls not the dam (just sexual rest)
—venereal transmission [in reproductive tract of cattle]
—no abortion and good pregnancy rate ; fetal reabsorbtion and vulvar dis chance
— DIAGNOSIS : no serology, do slide visualization of prepuce scraping/ PCR
— Tx: vaccine available for female (useless) ; no treatment

42
Q

True or false
Endometrial concentration of drug wont be the same as the placental concentration

There are specific times, and gestation that there is increased susceptibility to teratogens

Tetracyclines and TMS are teratogenic antibiotics; but macrolides and beta, lactams are safe

Opioids are not safe for preganat animals

A

True or false
TRUE Endometrial concentration of drug wont be the same as the placental concentration

TRUE There are specific times, and gestation that there is increased susceptibility to teratogens
—15-30 DAYS IN dog and cat; <60 days in horses

TRUE Tetracyclines and TMS are teratogenic antibiotics; but macrolides and beta, lactams are safe

FALSE ! Opioids are not safe for preganat animals

43
Q

Intrauterine drug administration

A

• Only the endometrium is
consistently treated
• Systemic absorption can occur
to varying degrees
• Difficult to perform in small
animals
• Cannot be used in pregnant
animals (placentitis)
• Local factors may affect efficacy
(oxygen, degradative enzymes,
pus, local immune effects)
• Can be irritating to the uterine
lining

44
Q

What to never give dairy animals drugs intrammammary

A

• NO Macrolides or avermectin extralabel to dairy animals!! Long withdrawal so never do it!!

45
Q

Pergolide in horses that are pregnant

A

It is a dopamine agonist that prolongs gestation delays milk down and makes the colostrum poor quality
Retains placenta

It is used for hyperadrenocorticism and horses and needs to be stopped two weeks prior to falling and restarted four weeks after

46
Q

Cystic ovarian disease in food animals

A

Persistent cyst (follicular and luteal) without ovulation [no LH surge or no reaction to LH] = causing persistent estrus or anestrus
—Ovsync protocol with GnRH and PGF for cattle and small ruminant. +/- CIDR
—Cull Swine

47
Q

Hydrops allantois vs Hydrops amnii

A

Hydrops allantois is a problem with the placenta —> bad prognosis bc cant palpate the placentomes

Hydrops amnii is a fetal fluid problem —> good prognosis

48
Q

Ringwomb dystocia and pregnancy toxemia seen in…

A

Sheep
Ringworb: When the cervix does not dialate in sheep and there is not any baby coming out —>c-section

Pregnancy toxemia is because of the twin lambs taking up all the glucose -> glucose supplementation

49
Q

GOAT : False pregnancy

A

When there is hydrometra that bursts ==> cloud burst ==> fluid in uterus that mimics a pregnancy bc of retained CL

Treat with prostaglandin.

50
Q

A lot of estrogen influence in sheep and cattle during late gestation can cause…

A

Vaginal prolapse which will have to be closed up till parturition and monitored

51
Q

Main viral causes of cattle abortion

A

BVD and herpes

52
Q

Differentiate abortion of foal due to virus

A

Equine viral arthritis = the mare is ill and has fever, discharge and limb edema

Equine herpes= no systemic illness in mare; fetus/placenta edema

53
Q

Phimosis vs paraphimosis

A

Phimosis: inability to extend the penis (hair ring or congenital)

Paraphimosis : inability to retract the penis
— hematoma
—tranquilizer

54
Q

Penile hematoma in stallions broken penis:
Presentation :
Pathology :

A

Presentation : there is a hematoma between the scrotum and prepuce
Pathology : Bc the tunica albugenia ruptured on the dorsal aspect —> held the penis up
— now +/- proplased prepuce

Tx: hydrotherapy and antibiotics

55
Q

Accessory sex glands that are a problem in the bull and stallion

A

Bull: seminal vesicles —> Cull
Stallion : ampulla ductus deferens

Affect the ease and ability to ejaculate

56
Q

Epididymitis or orchitis in sheep

A

Brucella ovis

NOT zoonotic though

57
Q

What will the values be in a castrated male ?
LH
AMH
Cat Spine
Prostate size

A

LH -high
AMH -low
Cat Spine -no
Prostate size -small

58
Q

Venereal transmission only of this abortion bacteria

A

Campylobacter venerealis - cattle

59
Q

99% of wound closure tension can be closed by

A

• closure in halves
• Undermining
• Tension relieving sutures: horizontal or vertical mattress

^general surgery

60
Q

Can you differentiate malignant vs benign mammary neoplasia with an FNA ?

A

Dont tell an owner if the mammary mass is benign based on an Fine needle aspirate ==> inaccurate

we need incisional biopsy (need a solid chuck of tissue) histopathology

61
Q

Most common tumor in intact female dog

A

Mammary neoplasia 50-50 benign malignant —> need incisional biopsy and staging—> surgery

In a dog a radical mastectomy is not more helpful than a multiple lumpectomy (Unlike a cat!!!)
want radical mastectomy in a cat

62
Q

Mammary tumors in cats —> radical chain mastectomy… exception is

A

Feline mammary fibromatous hyperplasia in young cats when they can just be spayed

63
Q

Sertoli cell tumor and spermatochord torsion is more common in ___

A

Cryptorchid testis (intact ofc)

64
Q

Balanoposthitis

A

Inflammation glans penis and prepuce
— E.coli, herpes, C.renale (pizzle rot)

65
Q

What are viral causes of canine abortion

A

Canine herpes mainly (isolate the dam and kids 3weeks before and 3 weeks after whelping)

Distemper and adenovirus can cause stress

66
Q

Which of these causes feline abortion primarily
Feline herpes
Feline panleukopenia
FIP
FeLV
FIV

A

Feline panleukopenia
PaRVOVIRUS THAT CAUSES CEREBELLAR HYPOPLASIA AND TREMORS

67
Q

Orchitis can be caused by __ and __

A

Grandulomatous inflammation : immune reaction to the spermatozoa outside the seminepherous tubules

And brucella canis

68
Q

Epididymitis head vs tail

A

Epididymitis head: congenital/ non-infectious

Epididymitis tail: infectious

69
Q

Contagious neoplasm via direct contact

A

tranmissable venereal tumor, penis and prepuce - mass on external genitalia

70
Q

My optic placenta in cow vs horse

A

Fungus

Cow: hematogenous from the rumen (due to rumen acidosis) or lung

Horse: ascending infection from cervix and is around the blood vessels ==> geometric shape bc it is a vascular disease

71
Q

To determine if male or female in hormonal assay, test __ hormones

A

AMH

A negative aka LOW AMH test is consistent with a spayed female or castrated male

72
Q

Never use __ and __ hormones to see if animal is intact or not

A

Estrogen and testosterone bc there are variable levels

73
Q

The pathology of the cervical star in placenta is important for

A

Brucella infection identification bc it is ascending : this with diffuse placentitis show that there is a bacterial cause

74
Q

Toxoplasmosis fetal death happens in __species___ and looks like ____ on the placenta

A

Sheep and goat

Cotelydenary necrosis and hemorrhage
—the intercoteledenary placenta is okay

75
Q

Damage to the intercotelydenary placenta can happen because of __ or ___

Normal physiology that clouds the intercotelydenary area is ___

A

Adventitious placentation = where the placentomes are not diffusing enough ==> need more area to share nutrition

Brucella where there is damage to the intercoteledenary area

NORMAL: calcium deposits

76
Q

3 parasites that are transmit in dogs and cats

A

• Toxocara: transplacental in dogs; transmammary in cats
• Ancylostoma: transmammary in dogs
• Dirofilaria immitis: transplacental

Tx with fenbendazole at 40d of gestation

77
Q

When to check for bipolar embryo and heart beat in bitch via ultrasound

A

28 days

78
Q

How long does it take for testicles to decent

A

2 months

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