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Ecology Post Class > newdefspart3 > Flashcards

newdefspart3 Flashcards

1
Q

human activities are disrupting & degrading marine ecosystems, esp…

A

coastal marshes, shorelines, mangrooves, coral reefs

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2
Q

what are major threats to marine systems from human activities

A

hippco: H=fishing trawlers 2. coastal development - everybody wants live near coast (~50% US and world), I=kill native population & screw up ecosystem, P=pointsource P like sewage ships + oil spills, Climate change - ocean acidification, rise sea levels flood marhses+coral+mangrooves

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3
Q

nonpoint sources (of pollution)

A

broad and diffuse arease, rather than points from which pollutants enter bodies of surface water or air. Examples runoff of chemicals (fertilizer-phosphate+nitrate) and sediments from cropland, livestock feedlots waste, logged forests, urban streets, parking lots,lawns, golf courses.

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4
Q

phytoplankton are mostly what type organizm?

A

algae and bacteria found in aquatic ecosystems

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5
Q

more phytoplankton

A

Phytoplankton also require inorganic nutrients such as nitrates, phosphates, and sulfur which they convert into proteins, fats, and carbohydrates.

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6
Q

what are 2 main classes phytoplankton

A

two main classes of phytoplankton are dinoflagellates and diatoms

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7
Q

what family phytoplankton

A

Phytoplankton comprise two very different kinds of organisms. The larger category include, single-celled algae known as protists—advanced eukaryotic cells, similar to protozoans. These forms include diatoms and are most abundant near coasts.

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8
Q

point sources

A

single identififiable source that discharges pollutants into the envionment. Exp - smokestack of power plant or industrial plant, drainpipe of a meatpacking plant, chimney of a house or exhaust pipe automobile.

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9
Q

In lake, what are the 4 zones?

A

littoral, limnetic, profundal, benthic

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10
Q

Littoral zone

A

shallow water of lake, in which light pentrates to bottom, permitting sumerged, floating, and emergent vegetative growth; ALSO shore zone of tidal water between high-water and low water markes

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11
Q

Littoral Latin for ?

A

Latin noun litus, litoris, meaning “shore”.

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12
Q

littoral zone (known for and species)

A

high biological diversity (due ample sunlight and inputs nutrition from surrounding land). Rooted plants, animals: turtles, frogs, crayfish, fish-bass perch carp.

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13
Q

emergent

A

denoting a plant that is taller than the surrounding vegetation, especially a tall tree in a forest or denoting a water plant with leaves and flowers that appear above the water surface.

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14
Q

Limnetic

A

LIM-NET IC pertaining to or living in open water of POND or Lake. Greek limn_, lake. Think go on limb with large net.

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15
Q

Limnetic Zone

A

shallow-water zone of a lake or sea, in which light penetrates to bottom

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16
Q

limentic zone (known for and species)

A

main photosynthetic zone of lake, layer produces food & oxygen support most lake’s consumers. Most abundant organism is phytoplankton & zooplankton. Large fish here, but they visit limentic zone food and reproduce.

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17
Q

Profundal Zone

A

PRO-FUN-DAHL deep zone in aquatic ecosystems

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18
Q

profundal zone (known for and species)

A

no sunlight and plants so no Oxygen. Fishes here have adapted to COOLER and draker water.

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19
Q

Benthic zone (known for and species)

A

nourished by dead matter falls from littoral /limnetic zones & sediments washing into lake. Decomposers, detritus feeders, some species of ish (benthos)

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20
Q

benthic zone

A

BEN-THIC area of sea/lake bottom

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21
Q

freshwater life zones include…

A

standing (lentic) bodies of freshwater (lakes, ponds, inland wetlands) 2) flowing (lotic) systems - streams & rivers

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22
Q

what are the 2 types of lakes based on biological productivity

A

oligotrophic and eutrophic lakes

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23
Q

oligotrophic lakes

A

having a deficiency of plant nutrients that is usually accompanied by an abundance of dissolved oxygen

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24
Q

oligo-

A

[fromGreekolígoslittle,few]

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25
Q

trophi

A

of or relating to feeding and nutrition.

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26
Q

what are other characteristic of oligotrophic lakes

A

they are supplied by glaciers & mountan streams (no sediment or microscoic life to cloud water) - so clear. Small populations of phytoplankton & fish species (bass/trout). Low net primary productivity since low levels nutrients.

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27
Q

hypoxic and dead zones

A

When the oxygen in the water becomes too low, the water becomes hypoxic. If the hypoxia is bad enough, no organisms can survive there, and a dead zone is created. Dead zones are very dangerous because they not only have negative ecological impacts, but also cause economic issues

28
Q

eutrophic lake

A

Waters extremely rich in nutrients, with high biological productivity. These lakes have higher concentrations of phosphorus and chlorophyll and poorer clarity. Typically, they are shallow, often muddy and contain an abundance of aquatic plants. (eutrophy = Greek ‘well nourished’)

29
Q

what occurs before a eutrophic lake is formed?

A

over time, sediment, organic material, and inorganic nutrients wash into most oligotrophic lakes and plants grow and decompose to form bottom sediments.

30
Q

cultural eutrophication

A

overnourishment of aquatic eocsystems w/ plant nutrients (nitrates and phosphates) because of human activies such as agricultrue, urbanization, and discharge from industrical plants and sewage treatment plants.

31
Q

besides ocean, most bodies water considered temp or permenant?

A

Besides the oceans, most bodies of water are considered temporary and can be converted to bare land or terrestrial ecosystems as a result of succession

32
Q

the character of lake reflects its surronding landscape

A

lakes have close relationship b/t land & water ecosystems. Water falls on land flows over surface or moves through soil to enter spring streams and lakes–transporting silt & nutrients.

33
Q

ecological succession

A

process in which communities of plant & animal species in a particular area are replaced over time by a series of different and often more complex communities. Succession is usually predictable. There are two basic types (primary /secondary) of ecological succession, which are categorized mainly based on how many nutrients - or lack thereof - are already present in the soil after the disturbance

34
Q

diff between eutrophication and succession

A

With Eutriphication the effects can cause death and undernourishment of some animals. With Succession a new territory is made and the changes are very visible. When eutriphication worsens it can dramatically decrease the existence of some species while succession can give another animals shelter of the formed territory.

35
Q

CHNOPS

A

Biological molecules, or biomolecules, are built by joining atoms through covalent bonds.Although more than 25 types of elements can be found in biomolecules, six elements are most common. These are called the CHNOPS elements; the letters stand for the chemical abbreviations of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur.

36
Q

mesotrophic

A

Waters with more nutrients and, therefore, more biological productivity. These lakes are intermediate with respect to depth, chlorophyll concentration, water clarity, and aquatic plants. Meso = middle

37
Q

surface water

A

preciptitaion that does not sink into ground or evaporate. Becomes ‘runoff’ when it flows into streams.

38
Q

watershed

A

also drainage basin, land area that delivers runoff, sediment, and dissolved sunstances to stream. Small streams join to form rivers , and rivers flow downhill to ocean.

39
Q

tributary mainstream confluence

A

A tributary is a freshwater stream that feeds into a larger stream or river. The larger, or parent, river is called the mainstem. The point where a tributary meets the mainstem is called the confluence. Tributaries, also called affluents, do not flow directly into the ocean.

40
Q

what are 3 aquatic life zones in downward flow of water

A

Downward flor of surface water and groundwater from mountain highlands to see takes place in these zones: source zone, transistion zone and flood plan zone.

41
Q

source zone

A

narrow headwaters/highland streams which are shallow, cold, clear, flowing fast/turbulent. Dissolvs lots oxygen , most streams not productive because no nutrients or primary producers. Streams nutrients come from organic matter (leave, branches, bodies living/dead insects fall into stream from land.

42
Q

source zone organisms

A

cold-water fish (trout) that need lots dissolved oxygen. Organisms evolved have compact/flattened bodies so can live under stones. Or streamlined muscle bodies swim rapid current. Plants: algae and moses attach to rocks and surfaces under water.

43
Q

transistion zone

A

headwater streams merge form WIDER deeper warmer flow down gentler slopes with fewer obstacles. More turbid, slower flow, less dissovled oxygen than headwater. Support more producers and cool&warm water fish species (black bass) with slightly lower oxygen requriements.

44
Q

floodplan zones

A

water shapes land; millions yrs friction of moving water leveled mountains/cut canyons, rocks and soil removed by water deposited as sediment in low lying areas called flood plans. Here streams join into wider, slow-moving, murky, deeper rivers flow across broad,flat valleys. Higher temp, less disssovled oxygen than other zones. Support large portions of producers algae & cynobacteria as weel rooted aquatic plants along shore.

45
Q

floodplan zones turbidity and fish

A

b/c of erosion, often muddy & have concentration silt (suspended particulate matter). Mainwaters have carp and catfish while backwaters support species similar those lakes.

46
Q

backwaters

A

A backwater is a part of a river in which there is little or no current. It refers either to a branch of a main river which lies alongside it and then rejoins it or to a body of water in a main river which is backed up by an obstruction such as the tide or a dam.

47
Q

in a flood plan, at rivers mouth, what forms?

A

deltas, costal wetlands, and estuaries

48
Q

deltas

A

are at mouth of river that is built up by deposited sediment

49
Q

stream nutrient come from

A

falling leaves, animal feces, insects other forms of biomass washed into streams during heavy rainstorms or by melting snow. Thus levels /types nutrients in stream depend on what is happening watershed.

50
Q

inland wetlands

A

land away from the coast such as swamp, marsh, bog, praire potholes that is covered all or part of the time with freshwater. Other exp: floodplains which rx excess water during heavy rains and floods, and wet arctic tundra in summer.

51
Q

praire potholes

A

depressions carved out ancient glaciers.

52
Q

what is most common feature all wetlands

A

most common feature of all wetlands is that the water table (the groundwater level) is very near to the soil surface or shallow water covers the surface for at least part of the year. The main characteristics of a wetland are determined by the combination of the salinity of the water in the wetland, the soil type and the plants and animals living in the wetland.

53
Q

seasonal wetlands

A

remain under water/soggy for only short time year: prarie potholes, floodplain wetlands, bottomland hardwood swamps.

54
Q

wetlands plants are are high or low in terms of productivity?

A

wetland plants are highly productive because of abudnance of nutrients.

55
Q

what animals have habitats in wetlands

A

game fish, muskrats, otters, beavers, migratory waterfowl

56
Q

important limiting factors for aquatic life zones

A

temp, sunlight, nutrient availability, low levels of oxygen gas in water or dissovled oxygen content, salinity -amounts of various inorganic menerals or salts disssoved in given volume water.

57
Q

ecological services wetlands provide

A

filtering n degrading toxic wastes n pollutants 2. reducing flooding and erosion by absorbing storm water and releasing it slowly. Absorbing overflow streams lakes. 3. replenish stream flows during dry periods + recharge aquifers. 4. maintain biodiveristy and supply fish shellfish blueberries wild rice timer 5. recreation anglers birdwatching hunters

58
Q

limiting factor principle

A

too much or too little of any physical or chemcial factor can limit or prevent growth of a population even if all other fators are at or near the optimal range of tolerance.

59
Q

range of tolerance

A

each population in ecosys has range of tolerance to variations in physical and chemical env. (optimum range, zone of physiological stress, zone of intolerance)

60
Q

Limnology

A

study of fresh or saline waters contained within continental boundaries

61
Q

why are marine aquatic systems important?

A

salwater ecosystems are irreplaceable reservoirs of biodiversity & provide major ecological & economic services

62
Q

plant nutrients

A

Plants need 17 elements for normal growth. Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen come from the air and water. Soil is the principle source of other nutrients.Primary nutrients(nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium) are used in relatively large amounts by plants, and often are supplemented as fertilizers.

63
Q

how have human activities affected freshwater ecosystems

A

we’ve threatened biodiversity and disrupted ecological and economic services provided by freshwater lakes rivers wetlands

64
Q

what are the first 2 of 4 ways we degraded and disrupted ecological and economic services provided by freswater systems

A
  1. dams and canals fragment about 40% of worlds 237 rivers. Destroy terrestrial and aquatic wildlife habitats along rivers and coastal deltas and esturaies by reducig water flow and increasing damage from coastal storms (delta depends on sediments from river. no flow no sediments) 2. flood control levees and dikes bult along rivers disconnect rivers from floodplains destroy aquatic habitats, and alter wetlands
65
Q

what are the last 2 of 4 ways we degraded and disrupted ecological and economic services provided by freswater systems

A

3rd cities n farms add pollutatns and excess plant nutrients nearby streams, rivers lakes. Cultural eutrophication…leads to algae n cyanobacteria that depletes lakes dissoved oxygen. These guys die and sink bottom, decomposers work and further deplete oxygen deeper waters. fish and others die . loss of biodiversity. 4th inland wetlands have drained to grow crops or covered concrete. 1/2 inland wetlands since 1600s no longer exist. 80% lost to grow crops. rest mining logging oil, highways urban dev. Other countries same.

Ecology Post Class (8 decks)

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