New Technologies- Biology Flashcards
What does DNA stand for?
Deoxyribonuclecic acid
Where is DNA found?
DNA is found in the chromosones which is found in the cells nucleus
What shape is DNA?
DNA is in the shape of a double helix
What is DNA?
It contains all the information needed to make an organism
What is a section of DNA called?
A section of DNA is called a gene
How many genes do we have?
We have 24,000 genes
What is gene?
A section of DNA which is made up of a set of specific bases in a certain order
How many types of bases are there?
Four
These bases help make proteins. Proteins determine your?….
Phenotype
What does phenotype?
Physical characteristics you can see
Genes contain the instructions for?…
The production of proteins which make up the structure of cells and control their function
What are the names of the four bases?
Adenine
Thymine
Cytosine
Guanine
A to the…
T
C to the…
G
T to the…
A
G to the…
C
Bases come in?….
Threes= triplet code
Every three bases are code for…
Amino acid
The sequence of amino acid determines?…
The protein that is made, for example blue eyes
How many chromosones in the human body do we have?
46 individual
or 23 pairs
How are characteristics passed on?
Characteristics are passed on in chromosones. One from the male parent and on from the female parent. They are matched together in one chromosone
What is a dominant allele?
A dominant allele is reprensented by a CAPITAL LETTER. You only need one domain at allele for it to be expressed in the organism
What is a recessive allele?
A recessive allele is reprensores by a lower case letter. You need two recessive allele for the characteristic to be expressed in the organism
What is the nucleus?
The nucleus is where the chromosones live.
What are genetically inherited disorders?
They are conditions which have been passed form the parents to their offspring (children)
What is cystic fibrosis? And what are some symptoms?
Cystic fibrosis is where the suffere produces a lot of thick sticky mucus which blocks their passages making it harder for them to breathe and take part in normal everyday activities to everyone else standard and level
What is cystic fibrosis caused by?
Cystic fibrosis is caused by two recessive alleles, which means for a person to have it they need two of the recessive allele
What does CC mean?
That means the person is normal they have two healthy dominant alleles
What does Cc mean?
This means the person is a carrier of the disease, they do not have any symptoms they just have the recessive allele
What does cc mean?
This means the person is a sufferer they have they both the recessive allele so they have the disease.
What is polydactyly disease?
It is when a child is born with extra fingers or toes or it can be just extra stumps or tissue on their hand or feet without any bones in it
What is polydactyly caused by?
It is caused by just one dominant allele. So that means you either have the disease or you don’t you cant just be a carrier
What are two advantage of selective breeding?
- You can choose the characteristics that you want
2. The offspring will share the parents characteristics
What are two disadvantages of selective breeding?
- Useful genes may be lost
2. Reduces variation
What are the 5 steps in selective breeding?
- Decide what characteristics are most important
- Select parents with these characteristics
- Breed these individuals together
- Select the best offspring, then breed again
- Repeat for many generations
What is genetic engineering?
Moving genes from one living organism to another
What is an organism which has received the gene called?
Genetically modified
What is the first step for genetically modifying something?
Identify the human insulin gene
What is the second step to genetically modifying something?
Cut out the insulin gene from human DNA using restriction enzymes
What is the third step to genetically modifying something?
Remove plasmid from bacteria cell
What is the fourth step to genetically modifying something?
Cut open the bacterial plasmid with restriction enzymes
What is the fifth step to genetically modifying something?
Insert the insulin gene into the plasmid using ligase enzyme
What is the sixth step of genetically modifying something?
Put the plasmid back into the bacteria
What is the seventh step to genetically modifying something?
Provide bacteria with the right conditions to divide and grow
What is a clone?
A clone is a organism which is genetically identical to its parents it has the exact same genes
How does bacteria produce clones?
When they reproduce they divide in half and they each contain identical genes, this means two identical organisms
What is Asexual reproduction?
Asexual reproduction is when only one parent is needed to reproduce, for example bacteria.
Name two plants which reproduce asexually
Potatoe plant- they produce tubers which can grow into another plant
Daffodil- a new bulb is formed at the end of every growing season which means more of the exact same flower can grow next year
What is a cutting?
A cutting is a small section tackle from a plant. It is a clone and is dipped in a chemical to help it grow
Name all the advantages of cuttings
Plant produced quickly
Cheap
All identical so they will have the characteristics that you want
Name all the disadvantages of cuttings
Reduces the gene pool (number of genes available)
Destroys a species
Increases the chance of disease in this plant
What is the advantage of animal cloning
Animal cloning could stop a species going extinct
What is a disadvantage of animal cloning
Eventually all the animals will be genetically identical and the same which decreases the variation and characteristics of that animal
Name the two different ways scientists clone animals
Cell cloning and tissue culture
How does cell cloning work?
Scientist clone human cells and take them into a laboratory and t]use them for researching into disease
How does tissue culture work?
New cartilage can be grown in sterile environment and it is used to grow new skin for burn patients
