New Material Flashcards
Describe the T3 hormone. 4 things
1) It is permissive of epinephrine.
2) It causes lipolysis.
3) It increases B3 (beta 3) receptors in adipose tissue.
4) It increases infinity of B3 receptors for epinephrine.
Which are fast acting and which are slow acting? Cortisol Epinephrine/ norepinephrine GH (growth hormone) Insulin and Gulcagon
Fast: e/ne and insul. and glu.
Slow: cort. and GH
Cortisol is fast acting. True or False?
False
Plasma levels go down during exercise. True or False?
True
Plasma levels decrease more in trained individuals. True or False?
False. Because plasma levels are already lower.
Cells become use to insulin and glucagon from training. True or False?
True
High intensity exercise results in greater and more rapid glycogen. True or False?
True
High intensity exercise results in greater increases in plasma epinephrine. True or False?
True
What are the effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine?
Decrease in insulin
Increase in glycogen secretion
Blocks entry into cells
What are the effects of insulin and glucagon?
Glucagonesis
Decrease in pH
Inhibits triglyceride breakdown
Blocks entry of glucose into cells
What’s a molecule that can donate a H+ ion? And name an example of one.
Acid
Lactic Acid L+A+
What’s a molecule that can accept a H+ ion? And name an example of one.
Base
Bicarbonate HCO3-
They result in a change of pH.
Buffers
——– ions are produced during exercise. As well as — and —— acid. Causing a breakdown in ATP.
Hydrogen
CO2
Lactic acid
Taking in bicarbonate can improve performance. True or False?
True
What expresses the relationship among the pH of a ?, the PKA, and the relative concentration of a weak acid and it’s conjugate?
The Henderson Hasselbalch Equation
What’s the human survival range of pH of arterial blood?
7.0-7.8
What is the pH of blood during exercise?
7.4
Humans are homeotherms. True or False?
True
This means warm blooded and we maintain a relatively constant temp.
How do we produce heat? 4 things.
Food (breakdown of) Exercise Shivering Thyroid hormone Catecholamines
How do we lose heat? 4 things.
Evaporative heat loss- sweat (exercise) and respiratory (breathing)
Radiation- infrared rays
Conduction- muscle getting warmer, warms skin
Convection- air or water moving around body to cool down body
What does evaporation depend on? 4 things.
Temperature
Relative humidity
Convection
SA of skin exposed to environment
Determines how effective evaporative cooling is.
Vapor pressure in air vs. skin
Greater difficulty equals more evaporation. True or False?
True
What is the normal vapor pressure on skin?
33.7 mmHg
What is the vapor pressure in the air?
31.9 mmHg
Anterior vs. Posterior
A- increasing body temp
P- decreasing body temp
The hypothalamus can… 5 things.
Cause shivering Stimulate sweat gland Cutaneous vasoconstriction Catecholomine release Thyroid hormone release
What are the 3 temperature receptors?
Skin
Hypothalamus
Spinal Chord
Metabolic heat production increases and responds in an increase to ambient temperature. True or False?
False
What’s a major way heat is lost in exercise?
Evaporation
This is how hot it feels when relative humidity is added to actual air temp.
Heat index
An increase in intensity equals a result in heat production. True or False?
True
What happens when you exercise in a hot environment? 6 things.
Increase in temp Increase in fluid loss Increased risk of hyperthermia Increase in lactate Increase free radical production Increase skin flow
How much change is required for heat in acclimation?
1 degree Celsius
What are the results of heat acclimation? 6 things.
Increase in core temp by one degree Celsius
Increase in plasma volume
Increased sweat rate
Earlier onset of sweating
Decrease on NaCl in sweat (less salt in sweat)
Decrease in skin blood flow
Acclimation can decline within how many days?
3
It pays to be fat in the cold. True or False?
True
Can you get hypothermia in a cold environment?
No, only when you stop exercising. But typically this is a non issue.
What occurs during cold acclimation? 4 things.
1) Reduction in skin temp and core temp at which shivering begins (release in NE)
2) Maintain a higher hand and foot temp bc vasoconstriction response blunted
3) Ability to sleep in cold temps
4) Effects occurs within one week
All organs in the body are the same temperature. True or False?
False
They are a good buffer…
Intracellular proteins
What are major buffers of blood?
Bicarbonate
What is the most important nutrient that we can take into our bodies?
Water
What happens to red blood cells in a hypertonic solution?
They swell
What happens to red blood cells in a hypotonic solution?
Nothing. They stay the same size.
What are the functions of water? There are 6.
1) protoplasm
2) protects organs
3) osmotic pressure
4) main component of blood
5) functioning of senses
6) temperature regulation
What are the 3 different ways that water enters the body?
Drink
Food
Metabolic water production
What’s the adequate intake of water for women? For men?
Women = 2.7 L
Males =3.7 L
Why might you need more water?
Body weight
Environmental temp.
Activity level
What percent of weight loss is due to dehydration?
3% or more
An increase in plasma osmolality causes thirst. True or False?
True
What’s the normal temperature for a human?
37 degrees Celsius
Osmorecepters are found in the ———— from the —————-.
Hypothalamus
Antipituitary
What happens in the hypothalamus?
An increase in thirst
An increase in osmolality of blood
What are 3 ways to tell you’re dehydrated?
1) thirsty
2) urine
3) body weight loss
What’s the best way to treat hypohydration?
Rehydration
In wrestlers does hydrating decreases muscular strength. True or False?
False.
Cognitive functions decrease with hydration while muscle strength, power, and muscular endurance remain the same.
Increased volume of fluid in the stomach inhibits gastric emptying. True or False?
True
What inhibits gastric emptying? A vol. of fluid -------- A solute/ caloric density ------- A temperature of -- degrees Celsius or -- degrees Fahrenheit An exercise intensity ---------- Mode of -------- A Hydration status of ------
A vol. of fluid
In intestinal absorption there is no increase or decrease in H2O reabsorption. True or False?
True
Hyponatremia results in an increase in the concentration of —– and a decrease in the concentration of ——.
Water
Sodium
What are the 2 reasons H2O reabsorption occurs?
1) gastric emptying
2) intestinal absorption
What are the two most important effects (2 we should know) of hyponatremia?
1) Low Na concentration
2) Exercise associated hyponatremia (EAH)
