Exam 3 Flashcards
Which of the following causes skeletal muscle vasodilation via autoregulation? A) decreased O2 tension B) increased CO2 tension C) increased potassium levels D) all of the above E) none of the above
All of the above
As exercise intensity increases vasodilation organs also increases. True or False?
False
During exercise more capillaries in the muscle are open compared to rest. True or False?
True
Assuming the same workload, which type of exercise will cause the greatest heart rate and blood pressure?
A) running of a treadmill
B) cycling on a cycle ergometer
C) swimming in a pool
D) performing an arm crank using an arm ergometer
Performing an arm crank using an arm ergometer
Which of the following cause cardiovascular drift? A) rising body temperature B) dehydration C) low plasma volume D) all of the above E) none of the above
All of the above
Emotional influence does not change heart rate or blood pressure during submaximal exercise compared to being emotionally neutral at the same workload. True or False?
False
The signal to “turn on” the cardiovascular system at the onset of the exercise is likely to the Central Command Hypothesis. True or False?
True
The utilization of oxygen and production of carbon dioxide by tissues refers to…
Cellular respiration
Which of the following is the main controller of breathing at rest?
Pre-Bötzinger complex
An exercising individual has an arterial blood pH of 7.0 (normal pH is 7.4). Which of the following will cause an increase in ventilation?
A) central chemoreceptors located in the medulla
B) carotid bodies
C) aortic bodies
D) all of the above
E) both b and c
Both b and c
Endurance training…
Improves the aerobic capacity of respiratory muscles
During maximal exercise (>90% VO2 max) respiratory muscle fatigue can occur. True or False?
True
Which of the following causes an increase in breathing rate during exercise in a normal (non-elite athlete) healthy individual?
A decrease in arterial pH.
Which class of hormones is lipid soluble and derived from cholesterol?
Steroid hormones
The neuroendocrine system refers to which system(s)? A) The neural system B) The endocrine system C) Both a and b D) None of the above
Both a and b
The concentration of plasma epinephrine increases directly proportional to exercise intensity. True or False?
True
What is the primary sex steroid in females causing secondary sexual characteristics?
Estrogen
What is the primary sex steroid in males causing secondary sexual characteristics?
Testosterone
Angiotensin II... A) is a powerful vasoconstrictor B) stimulates aldosterone secretion C) stimulates thirst D) all of the above E) none of the above
All of the above
Aldosterone…
A) causes sodium reabsorption at the kidney
B) causes potassium excretion at the kidney
C) helps regulate blood volume and blood pressure
D) all of the above
E) none of the above
All of the above
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) is located in the lungs. True or False?
True
Surface tension in alveoli is relieved from surfactant produced by…
Type II alveolar cells
Intrapulmonary pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure during inspiration. True or False?
False
Which of the following will cause the concentration of a hormone to increase?
A) decreased rate of metabolism of the hormone
B) an increased rate of metabolism of the hormone
C) an increase in plasma volume
D) an increased rate of hormone excretion
Decreased rate of metabolism of the hormone
When exposed to high concentrations of hormones the number of receptors on the cell specific for the hormone may decrease in s process called…
Down regulation
Which of the following are considered second messengers? A) calcium B) cyclic AMP C) diacylglycerol (DAG) D) inositol triphosphate (IP3) E) all of the above
All of the above
Where is the major site for hormone metabolism?
The liver
Which of the following mechanisms of actin do steroid hormones use?
A) membrane transport
B) altering activity of DNA in the nucleus
C) second messengers
D) tyrosine kinase
Altering activity of DNA in the nucleus
Which of the following hormones is secreted from the anterior pituitary? A) oxytocin B) antidiuretic hormone C) growth hormone D) all of the above E) none if the above
Growth hormone
Growth hormone: A) increases glyconeogenesis in the liver B) stimulates protein synthesis C) causes fat mobilization D) all of the above E) none of the above
All of the above
Activation if what type of receptors will cause vasoconstriction?
➰1 (alpha 1) <rotate clockwise for alpha symbol
Antidiuretic hormone:
A) is released in response to low plasma osmolality
B) is released in response to Hugh plasma volume
C) causes reabsorption of water in the kidneys
D) all of the above
E) none if the above
Causes reabsorption of water in the kidneys
Cortisol: A) blocks entry of glucose into tissue B) mobilizes tissue amino acid C) mobilizes free fatty acids D) mobilizes free fatty acids stimulates gluconeogenesis E) all of the above
All of the above
Which of the following controls muscle glycogen breakdown? A) epinephrine-cyclic AMP B) Ca2+ -calmodulin C) oxytocin D) all of the above E) both a and b
Both a and b
Insulin:
A) is secreted from B (beta) cells of the islets of Langerhans
B) allows transport of glucose into cells
C) is secreted in response to high glucose levels
D) all of the above
E) none of the above
All of the above
Glucagon:
A) is secreted from ➰(alpha) cells of the islets of Langerhans
B) allows transport of glucose into cells
C) is secreted in response to high glucose levels
D) all of the above
E) none of the above
All of the above
The rate of muscle glycogen breakdown is directly proportional to exercise intensity. True or False?
True
What type of receptors is located in the bronchioles that bind epinephrine causing bronchiole dilation?
B2 (beta2) receptors
Spirometry cannot measure which of the following? A) inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) B) tidal volume (TV) C) expiratory reserve volume (ERV) D) functional residual capacity (FRC)
Functional residual capacity (FRC)
Alveolar ventilation (Va):
A) is the volume of air remaining in the conducting airways
B) is the volume of air reaching the respiratory zone
C) is the volume of air that can go through gas exchange
D) both b and c
Both b and c
During rest blood flow is at the apex of the lung in comparison to the base of the lung. True or False?
False
Which of the following represents the ideal ventilation / perfusion ratio?
V/Q = 1.0
How many milliliter of oxygen can one gram of fully saturated hemoglobin carry?
1.34 ml
Explain the Bohr Effect.
A rightward shift in the oxygen hemoglobin dissociation curve due to increase PCO2
Myoglobin:
A) can bind one oxygen molecule
B) carries oxygen from the muscle cell membrane to the mitochondria
C) has a higher affinity for oxygen compared to hemoglobin
D) all of the above
E) none of the above
All of the above
What is the main way the carbon dioxide is transported in the blood?
Through the formation of bicarbonate
A person begins to hyperventilate. The hyperventilation will eventually cause blood pH to…
Increase
The partial pressure of carbon dioxide and oxygen in arterial blood is well maintained during exercise. True or False?
True
Hypoxemia:
A) occurs in 40-50% of elite athletes
B) May be caused by a ventilation/ perfusion mismatch
C) May be caused by a decreased red blood cell transit time around alveoli due to increased cardiac output
D) all of the above
E) none of the above
All of the above
Which of the following is/ are accessory muscle(s) for active expiration? A) scalenes B) sternocleidomastoid C) external intercostals D) internal abdominal oblique E) all of the above
Internal abdominal oblique
