New content Flashcards
1
Q
Terrorism
A
A tactic to inspire widespread terror toward a political end
2
Q
characteristics of terrorism
A
- The individuals, groups, objectives, resources, tactics and severity of terrorism vary widely
- Tend to be used by the weak in asymmetrical warfare
- Tend to promote an extremist ideology
- Tend to target civilians
3
Q
3 purposes of terrorism
A
1)To demoralize a population as leverage
2)To create drama and gain attention
3)To provoke a (often disproportionate)response
4
Q
types of terrorism
A
- Domestic terrorism
- Transnational terrorism
- State-based terrorism
- State-sponsored terrorism - Iran
- Motive-based terrorism
- i.e. religious extremism, revolutionary terrorism, etc.
5
Q
Prominent Examples of terrorism
A
- Late-1960s: Shining Path (Peru)
- 1972: Black September in Munich
- 1976: Tamil Tigers (Sri Lanka)
- 1988: Pan Am Flight 103 by Libyan agents
- 1993: World Trade Centre bombing
- 1998: US embassy bombings in Kenya and Tanzania
- 2004: Beslan school massacre (Chechnya)
- 2011: Neo-Nazi attack in Norway
- 2013: Boston Marathon attack
- 2017: Suicide bombing in Somalia
- 2019: White supremacist attack in New Zealand
- 2023: Hamas attack in Israel
6
Q
examples of terrorist groups
A
- Al-Qaeda-Boko Haram and al-Shabaab
- Islamic State/ISIS/ISIL
- Hamas
- Irish Republican Army
- Lord’s Resistance Army
- The Revolutionary Armed Forces in Colombia
- Proud Boys
- The Three Percenters
- UN security council has a list of 54 official terrorist groups
- US has a list of 68 groups
- total there is around 200 groups world wide
7
Q
Globalization in terrorism
A
- Globalization has
- i) contributed to the growth of terrorism,
- ii) globalized terrorism,
- iii) made it more effective
- Globalization has done so by:
- 1) Lack of (state-based) identity
- 2) Cultural preservation
- 3) Rising poverty and inequalities
- 4) New technologies
- 1980s often described as the ‘decade of terrorism’
- 9/11 brought to prominence Islamic terrorism
- Recent trends: greater casualties, higher sophistication, suicide attacks
8
Q
technology benefiting terrorism
A
- Proselytization - getting the message out
- Coordination
- Security
- Mobility
- Lethality
- Allow for cyberterrorism
9
Q
9/11 terrorism
A
- With the exception of the 1993
bombings, was the first major attack on US soil - Conducted by 19 al Qaeda terrorists under the leadership of Osama bin Laden
- Hijacked 4 passenger planes, killing a total of 2,996 people
- Instigated American led ‘War on Terror’
10
Q
terrorism in Kenya
A
- 1998: US embassy bombing
- 2012: Series of al-Shabaab attacks
- 2013: attack on Westgate Shopping Mall
- 2014: attack on Christian town police forces and population
- 2015: Garissa University College attack
- 2019: attack on DusitD2 complex
- 2020: further small-scale attacks
11
Q
unilateral responses to terrorism
A
- Anti-terrorism legislation
- Canada’s Anti-Terrorism Act
- Preventative security and policing measures
- Intelligence gathering, surveillance, migration restrictions
- Sanctions against state-sponsors of terrorism
- Unilateral military actions
12
Q
multilateral responses to terrorism
A
- Since 1962, around 20 multilateral laws/agreements
- Aviation security, protection of diplomats, laws around financing terrorism, etc.
- UN Security Council Resolution 1373 Creation of the Counter Terrorism Committee (CTC)
- legal binding order between all states regarding all knowledge of terorrism groups
13
Q
conventional weapons
A
- mall arms, light weapons, missiles, cluster munitions, rockets, land mines, etc.
- Governed by the Geneva Conventions and the UN Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons
- Conventional weapons arms trade governed by the Arms Trade Treaty (ATT)
- Canada is not allowed to sell bullets or missiles to certain countries according to the Arms trade treaty
14
Q
arms trade
A
the international industry that manufactures, sells and trades
weapons
15
Q
weapons of mass destruction
A
the most destructive and deadly weapons in the world-Kill indiscriminately and cause widespread damage
16
Q
3 types of weapons of mass destruction
A
chemical weapons, biological weapons & nuclear weapons
17
Q
proliferation of weapons of mass destruction
A
- the spread/growth of WMDs
- Horizontal proliferation
- Vertical proliferation
18
Q
horizontal proliferation
A
the increase in the number of states that possess nuclear weapons,
19
Q
vertical proliferation
A
the expansion of the nuclear capabilities of existing nuclear weapon states, including increasing stockpiles, improving weapon technology, or developing new weapon
20
Q
non proliferation
A
efforts attempting to stop the proliferation of WMDs
21
Q
chemical weapons
A
- manufactured chemicals meant to kill people
- I.e. tear gas, pepper spray, nerve gas, mustard gas, Agent Orange, white phosphorus, etc.
- Cheap and easy to manufacture
22
Q
biological weapons
A
- use bacteria, bacterial toxins or viruses to kill people
- I.e. anthrax, smallpox, ricin, etc.
- Involve living organisms and/or viruses
23
Q
nuclear weapons
A
most destructive weapons of ,ass destruction
24
Q
3 types of damage with nuclear weapons
A
blast, ii) thermal radiation & iii) nuclear radiation
25
2 types of nuclear weapons
1) fission weapons (A-bombs) and ii) fusion weapons (H-bombs)
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purposes of weapons of mass destruction
deter attack, increase power status, kill as many people and create as much destruction as possible
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deployed nuclear weapons
nuclear weapons that are fully available for immediate use
28
the Manhattan project
- a US-based research initiative, in collaboration with the UK and Canada, meant to produce the world’s first nuclear weapon during WWII
- trilateral action
- Produced the first atomic bombs
- Key designer was Robert Oppenheimer
- The project encompassed theUK’s previous nuclear research
- Also involved in intelligence gathering of Germany’s nuclear weapons program
- soviet spies trying to infiltrate the project
29
2 uses of nuclear technology
i) energy-based or ii) weapons-based
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nuclear programs
- Nuclear weapons technology requires sophisticated technologies
- 32 countries have peaceful nuclear energy programs (i.e. Canada)
- International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA):promotes peaceful use of nuclear energy, works towards nuclear non-proliferation and monitors nuclear programs
- Part of the UN system
- 176 members
31
threats of nuclear disasters
- 1986: Chernobyl nuclear disaster - caused due to a systems failure
- 2011: Fukushima nuclear disaster
32
the proliferation of nuclear weapons in the Cold War
- involved the proliferation of nuclear weapons
- Each side had 10,000s
- Based on the idea of ‘nuclear
deterrence’(‘nuclear peace’)
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the proliferation of nuclear weapons after the Cold War
- saw a decline in the total numbe rof nuclear weapons
- Some countries gave up their nuclear weapons (i.e.South Africa, Kazakhstan, etc.)
34
the 9 nuclear weapon states
Currently 9 nuclear weapons states: Russia, US,China, France, UK, Pakistan, India, Israel (?) andNorth Korea
35
responses to proliferation
- 1925 Geneva Convention
- 1957 International Atomic EnergyAgency (IAEA)
- 1963 Partial Test Ban Treaty(PTBT)
- 1967 Tlatelolco Treaty
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disarmament
reducing/eliminating weapons
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arms control
controlling the production, spread and/or use of weapons
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the Nuclear non-proliferation treaty
- 1969 Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty(NPT): the center piece of the modern nuclear non-proliferation regime
- Recognizes 5 states as having the right to nuclear weapons-US, UK, Russia, France and China-a ’2-class system’
- Consists of 190 signatories
- Israel, India and Pakistan have never signed
- North Korea withdrew its membership (2003)
- Overseen by the IAEA
39
treaties and conventions for proliferation for arms control
- 1972 Biological Weapons Convention
- 1972 Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty(SALT)
- 1975 Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention (BTWC) 183 parties involved - it is a success
- 1979 SALT II treaty - further restrictions on the growth of nuclear weapons - regulating the export of nuclear war heads
- 1991 Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty(START) reduction to 6,000 deployable of nuclear weapons
- 1992 Chemical Weapons Convention 197 signatories - very successful
- 1993 START II treaty
- 1996 Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty(CTBT) - not effective
- 2002 Strategic Offensive ReductionsTreaty (SORT) -reduced stockpiles to 2200 each
- 2010 START III treaty -limited to 1550 each
40
5 weapon free zones
Latin America, Southeast Asia, South Pacific, Africa & Central Asia
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counter proliferation
- efforts to obstruct, slow or roll back nuclear weapons programs
- I.e. UN Security Council Resolutions, the Proliferation Security Initiative (PSI) and the Nuclear Security Summit
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North Kora and Iran proliferation
- non- proliferation treaty
- said they were going to end their nuclear program in 2009 but has still been testing nuclear weapons - North Korea
- irannium proliferation
43
International political economy
- The interaction between politics and economics internationally
- A subfield of study in International Relations
44
International political economy includes
- international trade, international production, international finance, international development, international aid, global poverty and inequality, the environment, remittances, regionalism, etc.
- In the terrain of IPE, markets and market actors hold significance influence, power and authority
- Economics is a source of instrumental and structural power between states
45
history of the global political economy
- 19th century capitalism a ‘great transformation’ (Polanyi, 1944)
- Post-WWII economic order reflected ‘embedded liberalism’ (Ruggie, 1982)
- Included Keynesian economics
- 1960s decolonization & ‘Third Worldism’
- 1980s: Keynesian economics replaced by neoliberalism
46
Global North and South GPE
- Global South countries with i) a history with colonialism, ii) lower rates of industrialization & iii) higher rates of poverty
- Trade relations between the Global North & South are uneven
- New international economic order - G77 and ECOSOC
- 1980s debt crisis
47
Sources of political strain between the Global North & South
- I. Historical resentment
- II. The Global South’s calls for a reconfiguration of economic relations
- III. The South becoming industrialized and competitive with the Global North
- IV. Emerging powers & institutions from the Global South
48
IGO: Bretton Woods institutions
- International Monetary Fund (IMF) & the World Bank
- General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)-> World Trade Organization (WTO)
49
United Nations in GPE
UNDP, ECOSOC, UNCTAD, G77, etc.
50
regional GPE organizations
- Regional trade agreements
- Regional development banks
51
economic groups
OECD, G7, G20, BRICS, OPEC - because there is no world government it the affiliations of states that try to shape global economic policy
52
Bretton woods institutions
- Created at the 1944 Bretton Woods Conference
- Are central international financial institutions (IFIs)
- International Monetary Fund (IMF)
- meant to assist countries with financial issues with financial resources
- World Bank
- meant to give loans for development
- Votes weighted according to financial commitments
53
international trade
when countries produce and export goods/services to another (importing) country
54
international trade issues
- According to liberal theory, trade drives economic growth and interdependence (mitigates conflict)
- International trade has grown exponentially since 1950s
55
free trade
based on the logic of comparative advantage
56
THE GATT & THE WTO
- Creation of the **General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)** in 1947
- Aimed to facilitate and outline free international trade
- **World Trade Organization (WTO)** replaced the GATT in 1995
- Oversees regulation of trade, promotes free trade and offers a trade dispute resolution mechanism
- Operates according to 1-state, 1-vote
- Principles of ‘most-favored nation’ and ‘nationality principle’
57
most-favored nation
ensures that countries treat all trading partners equally, meaning no country can discriminate between its trading partners by offering preferential treatment to one over others.
58
nationality principle
grants a state the authority to make criminal law for its nationals, regardless of where they act in the world.
59
the regionalization in trade
- The regionalization of trade has increased considerably in the post-Cold War period
- Regional trade agreement: bilateral and multilateral agreements centered around a particular (geographic) region
- Examples: NAFTA/USMCA, ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA), Southern Common Market (MERCOSUR), Greater Arab Free Trade Area (GAFTA), African Continental Free Trade Area, etc
60
regionalization
intensification of economic, political and/or social interactions and integration within a geographic region
61
regionalism
- state-based collaborations within a region, often manifested in an IGO
- There are economic-based and political-based factors driving regionalization
- Includes regional development banks
- I.e. African Development Bank, Asian Development Bank, the Caribbean Development Bank, etc.
62
Preferential trade agreement
a trade agreement that is registered with the WTO and is derogation, meaning that they are legally binding agreements
63
Free trade agreement/area
seeks to reduce trade barriers by implementing tariffs. example: NAFTA but that isnt relevant to us anymore
64
customs union
a unified custom agreement that imposes a custom on any trade services that are coming outside of their union in order to protect their own market
65
Single/common market
treating seperate economies as a single economy, like the EU
66
monetary union
when they share a currency
67
human rights
- Rights granted to people by virtue of being human
- Modern liberal human rights: notions and practices of human rights based in European liberal philosophy and institutionalized in the post-War period
- A deontological framework
68
human rights are
- i) indivisible, ii) interdependent and iii) universal
- Are supposed to serve our basic needs of survival, well-being, freedom and identity (Gultang, 1994)
69
first generation human rights
- political and civil rights
- ’Negative’ rights or ‘prescriptive’ rights - rights that are supposed to negate the over stretch of power by the state
- most dominant and prominent type of rights
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second generation rights
- economic, social and cultural rights
- ‘Positive’ rights or ‘proscriptive’ rights - things states are supposed to positively provide (healthcare, education, labour laws etc.)
- progressive realization
71
third generation rights
- collective or group rights
- moral reference point is not the indiviual but a particular groups (minority groups)
- UNDRIP - international indigenous law (soft law) only third generation rights in the international sphere
72
human rights: an existential change to world politics
1. Human rights are transforming the nature of sovereignty
2. Human rights are changing the international institutional landscape
3. Human rights are now a source of international legitimacy
4. Human rights have invigorated the role of non-state actors in world politics
Human rights are not a source of legitimacy
civil societies are the main whistle blowers for human rights
73
the United Nations and international human rights
- 1945 UN Charter
- **1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)**
- an exstension of the UN charter and elaborates on first and second generation rights
- 1977: Human Rights Committee
- 2003: creation of the UN Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner (OHCHR)
- Creation of the Human Rights Council
- Universal periodic review
- every 4 years they create a rapsheet for each state concerning human rights - monitors compliance with Human rights commitments
74
international human rights treaties
- 1965 International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (CERD)
- 1966 Int’l Covenant on Civil and Political Rights(ICCPR)
- 1966 Int’l Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR)
- cold war politics - due to differing views of east and west they made two international covenants
- 1979 Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW)
- 1984 Convention Against Torture
- 1989 Convention on the Rights of the Child
- 2006 Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
75
soft law declaration
- UDHR, Declaration on the Right to Development (1986), Universal Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples(UNDRIP) (2007)
- 2 covenants + UDHR = International Bill of Rights
76
international human rights regime
- international human rights law,IGOs (UN), states and NGOs-Treaty bodies-Regional mechanisms
- The regime has well established institutions and strong promotion but weak monitoring and limited/inconsistent enforcement
- A highly politicized regime
77
international regime
“a set of implicit or explicit principles, norms, rules, and decision-making procedures around which actors’ expectations converge in a given issue area” (Krasner, 1982)
78
international human rights NGOs
- Began with the anti-slavery movement
- Have formed around specific issues (i.e. apartheid, child labor, sweatshops, etc.)
- Major human rights NGOs include Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch
- Roles include education, drafting conventions, lobbying governments, monitoring violations, naming violators, mobilizing support and providing aid
79
enforcement of human rights
- Enforcement through
i) social pressures,
ii) diplomatic pressure,
iii) int’l courts,
iv) sanctions and
v)interventions
- Bilateral foreign policy
- UN enforcement
- Humanitarian intervention under the Security Council
- International courts (ICTY/ICTR, ICC)
- Overlaps with international criminal law
80
Human rights in Canada
- Protected under the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (1982)
- covers our basic rights including our fundamental freedoms, democratic rights, mobility rights, legal rights, equality rights and language rights
- Canada is also a party to numerous international human rights treaties and declarations
