midterm 2

Question 1

what is colonialism

Answer 1

where a state power assumes direct political and territorial control over another territory and soceity

Question 2

what are the 6 characteristics of colonialism

Answer 2

1. extractive
2. autocratic
3. coercive
4. inequality
5. imposition of European institutions, market systems and ideologies
6. politicization of identities

Question 3

what is globalization

Answer 3

• the increasing economic, political and social integration throughout the world
• a complex, “multidimensional force”
• synonymous with time-space compression (Harvey, 1989)

Question 4

what are the characteristics of globalization

Answer 4

1. unprecenteded speed of integration
2. technological advances
3. economic liberalization
4. government policy

Question 5

what is uneven globalization

Answer 5

• the inequal distribution of benefits and costs of globalization
  
  • particulary between the Global North & Global South

Question 6

what is a global civil society

Answer 6

the realm of values, institutions, organizations, networks and individuals, independent from the state and the market, that operate internationally-Value-driven actors aiming to influence the world

Question 7

what is an INGO

Answer 7

formal, organized manifestations of global civil society

Question 8

what is a transnational movement

Answer 8

less organized, politically driven international movements

Question 9

what is the globalization debate

Answer 9

Benefits
- Decreases sources of potential conflict through interdependence
- Increases prospects for economic growth and democracy
- Increases cross-cultural contacts

Problems
- May hinder democracy and economic growth
- Unequal distribution of benefits
- Disempowers the working class

Question 10

what is nationalism

Answer 10

belief that the nation is the ultimate basis of political identity

Question 11

what is a nation

Answer 11

a group of people who share a culture, history, sense of community and a desire for self-government

Question 12

nation-state

Answer 12

overlap of a pre-existing nation and a modern state

Question 13

what are the positive and negative dimensions of nationalism

Answer 13

Positive Dimensions
- Offers a political community
- Can promote democracy
- Can discourage imperialism and promotes independence
- Can promote economic growth

Negative Dimensions
- Has catalyzed conflict
- A source of differentiation
- A source of parochialism, xenophobia, nativism and discrimination
- Can promote imperialism

Question 14

what did Carl von Clausewitz (1780-1831) say about war

Answer 14

stated war is a continuation of policy with the use of other means

Question 15

what is armed conflict

Answer 15

• the use of physical violence and weapons on people, often between military forces
  
  • Often categorized according to heir death rates

Question 16

how is armed conflict categorized in size?

Answer 16

clash is lest than an hundered

conflict is less than a thousand

a war is a thousand and above

and a great war is ten thousand or more

Question 17

what is international conflict

Answer 17

disagreements, disputes, or armed conflicts between two or more nations or countries, often involving disagreements over territory, resources, or ideology.

Question 18

what is intra-national conflict

Answer 18

Intra-national conflict, also known as intrastate conflict, refers to armed conflicts that occur within the borders of a single nation or state, often involving groups within the same country vying for power or autonomy

Question 19

what are wars of self defence

Answer 19

conflicts where a nation primarily acts to defend itself from an attack, rather than engaging in an invasion or conquest

Question 20

what is a pre-emptive war

Answer 20

a military conflict initiated by a state in anticipation of an imminent attack from another state, with the goal of gaining a strategic advantage or preventing a perceived threat before it materializes.

Question 21

what is a preventative war

Answer 21

a military conflict that is initiated to prevent a future attack by an enemy, even if the attack isn’t imminent.

Question 22

what is a limited war

Answer 22

a war in which the weapons used, the nations or territory involved, or the objectives pursued are restricted in some way, in particular one in which the use of nuclear weapons is avoided.

Question 23

what is a total war

Answer 23

a war that is unrestricted in terms of the weapons used, the territory or combatants involved, or the objectives pursued, especially one in which the laws of war are disregarded.

Question 24

what’s an asymmetric war

Answer 24

Asymmetric war is a conflict between opposing forces that have different military capabilities, strategies, or tactics

Question 25

proxy war

Answer 25

a military conflict in which one or more third parties directly or indirectly support one or more state or nonstate combatants in an effort to influence the conflict’s outcome and thereby to advance their own strategic interests or to undermine those of their opponents.

Question 26

what is LOAC

Answer 26

- laws of armed conflict- humanitarian law - who we can kill and how we can kill them - Genva and Hanue conventions

Question 27

what is an old war

Answer 27

fought by and through the state in an organized and professional manner with traditional standing armies

Question 28

what is a new war

Answer 28

- identity-fueled, intrastate conflicts that are waged by a wide range of official and irregular combatants that are sustained and fueled by remittances, organized crime, and transnational networks moving money, arms and people”(Boyer et al, 2019) - Accompanied by humanitarian crises - Globalization identified as a source of ‘new wars’ - rise in intra-national conflict

Question 29

what are the 8 Changing Natures of Armed Conflict: Global Trends

Answer 29

1) Increase of armed conflicts by 3X during the Cold War -slowed down in the post-Cold War period 2) Sharp decline in inter-state wars 3) Sharp increase in intra-state wars 4) Persistence of irregular warfare 5) Change in the geographic dispersion of armed conflict 6) Clear armed conflicts are declining 7) Increased humanitarian crises 8) Use of new weaponry and techniques

Question 30

what is security

Answer 30

- A contested concept - Security: the absence or mitigation of threats to survival and safety - Traditionally associated with national security - Now, notions of security take various forms across time, space and context

Question 31

countries with the most military spending

Answer 31

- Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI, 2022) - US: $877 billion - China: $292 billion - Russia: $86 billion - India: $81 billion - Saudi Arabia: $75 billion - UK: $68 billion

Question 32

what is international security

Answer 32

Includes threats to the international system

Question 33

what are international security threats

Answer 33

- Armed conflicts - State failure - Humanitarian crises - Global terrorism - International crime - Weapons of mass destruction - Climate change - Increasing inequalities

Question 34

what is human security

Answer 34

- “[...] an emerging paradigm for understanding security vulnerabilities that challenges the traditional notion of national security by arguing the proper referent for security should be the individual rather than the state” (Textbook) - UNDP’s (1994) Human Development Report

Question 35

what are the 7 areas of human security

Answer 35

I. Economic II. Food III. Health IV. Environmental V. Personal VI. Community VII. Politic

Question 36

what is R2P

Answer 36

- this falls within the concept of humanitarian intervention (HI) - the use of military force in the name of protecting human security - we have justified the violation of soverignty in the name of the human security - R2P - responsibilty to protect - with soverignty comes responsibilty - canadian concept - responsibilty to protect morale doctrine - officially endorced by the UN in 2006 - if a state is unable or unwilling to protect its civillians the responsibilty of soveitgnty is then transferred to the international community

Question 37

what is global security governance

Answer 37

- United Nations - security council - at the centre of global security - Regional security - organizations - International law - jus en bello - the un charter- charter that specifies that the un council must approve of armed conflict - International non-governmental organizations - Involves arms control, dispute resolution, conflict management & peacekeeping

Question 38

what is collective security

Answer 38

collective security is a legal obligation to uphold security within its treaty members - NATO is the most powerful collective security organization

Question 39

when does peacemaking occur

Answer 39

comes before a conflict happens

Question 40

when does peacekeeping occur

Answer 40

after there has been a ceasefire agreement , UN buffers between two biligerent countries

Question 41

when does peace enforcement occur

Answer 41

after there has been a ceasefire agreement

Question 42

when does peacebuilding occur

Answer 42

after a violent conflict has ended and hostilities have ceased

Question 43

1648 Peace of Westphalia

Answer 43

- marked the end of the Thirty Years’ War - established the notion of state sovereignty - Saw the beginning of the inter-state (international) system: the institutions and patterns of relations between modern(sovereign) states

Question 44

The modern state is distinguished by

Answer 44

- i) universality & - ii) sovereignty

Question 45

Modern states include

Answer 45

territory, populations & governments, and state soverignty - any state that is struggling in one of these is in a weakened/fragile state

Question 46

Sovereignty:

Answer 46

the right to self determination

Question 47

internal sovereignty

Answer 47

centralized authority ,monopoly on the use of force

Question 48

external sovereignty

Answer 48

(recognition) when another state attacks you or when another state is influencing you

Question 49

Functions of States

Answer 49

- Defense - Facilitate collective action - Control of violence & policing - Taxation - Maintaining rule of law - Provide public goods - Administrative roles - Correct for market failures Functions of states

Question 50

State capacity

Answer 50

the ability of the state to achieve its functions

Question 51

Weak state

Answer 51

a state with low capacity

Question 52

failed state

Answer 52

when a state cannot perform its basic functions - Factors of state failure are all linked to the effects of ***colonialism*** -conflict/war, political instability, economic underdevelopment, lawlessness, ethnic/cultural divides, etc.