Final Flashcards
1
Q
Multilateralism
A
coordination among 3 or more states
2
Q
unilateralism
A
1 state
3
Q
bilateralism
A
2 states
4
Q
Individual-Level analysis
A
Focuses on people/individuals, often state leaders and other influential individual
5
Q
State-Level Analysis
A
- Focuses on the characteristics of states
- Seeks to understand how state institutions and politics influence a country’s international decisions and behavior
6
Q
Systems-level Analysis
A
- ‘Third image’
- A top-down approach
- Focuses on the structure of the international system
7
Q
Realism
A
- Views world politics as a struggle for power between competitive, self-interested states
- Realism: Realism - the OG ONE, set of assumptions. Assumes very little, the most parsimony.
- seeing individual states, under anarchy where there is an assumption of a self help anarchy.
- States politics are the only actors
- Black-box the state, there is only driven by state.
states are only rational actions. - Driven by Self interest = states
- maximization of security or power.
ONLY FOCUSING ON SELF-Interest
Security is the major interest
- Being concerned of security, to others
Security dilemma the more secure other state, your state will make everything to have more security. - security Spent = increases = security spend. a cycle of how to hard to reduce security spent
- Realist to Canada now: “YOU SHOULD HAVE PREPARE, NO LEADING to ACTUAL FRIENDS” Standing in your own feet. not a friendly system, anytime they those friends can stab you at the back.
8
Q
realism assumes
A
Assumes
I. States are the only primary actor
II. States exist in a self-help system of international anarchy
- Order established through the balance of power
III. State interests are equated with survival and increasing security and/or power
- Results in the security dilemma
IV. States place emphasis on relative gains - they need to be under the perception that they are gaining more with cooperative states, whether that be a security agreement or an economic agreement
9
Q
liberalism
A
- Views world politics as largely cooperative under international institutions and conditions of interdependence
- liberalism is the same game as realism but has different rules
- the self interest is mitigated signifigantly between the interdependence among state
- the security dilemma is less of an issue with liberalist theory
- traditional philosophers thought that interdependence within society was the best solution to mitigating conflict and the overall benefit of society.
10
Q
liberalism assumes
A
I. States are the central, but not the only, important actors in world politics
II. International anarchy is mitigated by international institutions and interdependence
III. State interests can change in these conditions, placing less emphasis on security politics
IV. States also emphasize absolute gains
V. Belief in human progress
11
Q
Constructivism
A
- A social theory of world politics
- uses sociology as a worldview for world politics
- a set of assumptions and leaps of faith, the nature of world politics is socially constructed
- ideas are central to all world politics and we can understand states using ideas- its an non material ideology, all based off of theoretical ideologies
- constructivist validate soft power and how far influence can go in the international system
12
Q
constructivism assumes
A
Assumes
I. World politics is a social system
II. The nature of world politics is socially constructed
III. Social structures shape state interests, ideas and behaviours
IV. Importance of knowledge and legitimacy in the social system
V. Importance of state and non-state actors
13
Q
Marxist & Neo-Marxist Theories of World Politics
A
- Emphasis on historical materialism
- material conditions shape all social things in life
- any other sense of of ur place in society that is apart from ur economic positioning in society is a mirage (its fake, the only postitioning that exists is ur class and socio-economic position)
- changes in our material conditions is the major catalyst in extreme changes in our political ideologies
- Examines change over time (historical), focusing on the role of economic factors (materialism)
- Focuses on classes/social forces -A product of the relations of production/economic position
- Power is a product of economic relations and reflected in politics/society
- Neo-Marxists: shift emphasis from the relations of production to the relations of exchange (i.e. trade)
14
Q
Dependency Theory
A
- Focuses on the development gap between the Global North (‘developed’ or ‘core’ countries) and the Global South (‘underdeveloped’ or ‘periphery’) countries
- Argues the development of the core countries is premised on the underdevelopment of countries in the periphery
- Emphasis on uneven or declining terms of international trade trade between the core and periphery
- A relationship rooted in colonialism
15
Q
Inter-Govermental Organizations (IGOS)
A
formal multilateralism
16
Q
IGO Examples
A
- United Nations (UN)
- Bretton Woods institutions (World Bank and the International Monetary Fund)
- World Trade Organization (WTO)
- North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
- European Union (EU)
- Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)
- Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
- African Union (AU)
- Common Market of the South (MERCOSUR)
- BRICS(+)
17
Q
The United Nations (UN)
A
- A central component of world politics and governance
- A truly global IGO 193 members
- Central to world peace and stability
- the only time force is legal is when it is authorized by the UN security council
18
Q
principle bodies
A
- I. General Assembly
- II. Security Council
- III. Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)
- IV. Secretariate
- V. International Court of Justice (ICJ)
19
Q
Specialized Agencies in the United Nations
A
Includes WHO, ILO, UNESCO, FAO,etc.
20
Q
Funds and programmes of the United Nations
A
Includes UNICEF, UNDP, UNHCR,WFO, UN Women, UNEP, etc.
21
Q
the security council
A
- Core of the global security system
- 15 members, 5 are permanent (P-5)
- reflects oligarchy
-
they make their decisions on armed forces, peace keeping, humanitarian intervention
- Peace keeping forces (volunteer base) 11 missions; under authorization, consent
based of the country. NO UN FORCE - Collective Security - UN is a collective security organization, which allows the use of
force. No obligation but authorize the force. (coalition of willing) Countries voluntary
(allowing and correcting the violation - Enforcement - a form of sanctions (all countries need to follow) where determining
the destabilizing the violation of one country [targeted sanctions & comprehensive
sanctions] - Humanitarian Intervention (HI) - authorize military (intervention) force, where UN
allows military force on Human Rights Violation [2011 in Libya]
- Peace keeping forces (volunteer base) 11 missions; under authorization, consent
22
Q
International Law
A
- Law: mechanisms put in place to regulate interactions and settle disputes
- There is much debate regarding whether international law is ‘law’
- Nicaragua-US example
- A core international institution
- “[…] the body of principles, customs and rules regulating interactions among and between states, IOs, individuals and in more limited cases, multilateral organizations” (Boyer et al, 2019, 259)
- International law is consent-based-Sovereignty is central
- UN has no international police, no judiciary, no legislation Considering the outputs and not inputs - International law most countries implies/complied to international law every single time a country violation, with reference to the international l
23
Q
International & Domestic Law
A
- International law exists in a condition of anarchy
- There are multiple sources of international law
- international law lacks centralized, consistent enforcement
- International law is consent-based
- International law is more facilitative than controlling
- Politics precedes and constrains international law to a greater extent
- there are certain ways of enforcement
- multilateral enforcement is the most ideal way to enforce international law
- treaties are legally binding contracts between two or more states, biggest source of international law
- international customary law
- jus-cosen law
- war crime is a mass violation of humanitarian law
- soft law- non legally binding law
24
Q
sources of international law
A
treaties
soft law
customary law
25
Types of Wars
- Inter-national conflict
- Intra-national (civil) conflict
- War of self-defense
- Pre-emptive war - when there is a known threat coming and you attack
- Preventative war - when you attack to undercut the effects of a known attack
- Limited war
- Total war - when the entire society is geared towards a war
- Asymmetric war - two sides with differences in military capabilities - but this does not dictate outcomes
- Proxy war - when two main billigerant sides are not doing the fighting, they employ other states to do their fighting
26
LOAC-
- laws of armed conflict- humanitarian law
- who we can kill and how we can kill them
- Genva and Hanue conventions
27
Security
- A contested concept
- Security: the absence or mitigation of threats to survival and safety
- Traditionally associated with national security
- Now, notions of security take various forms across time, space and context
28
International (Or Global) Security threats
- Armed conflicts
- State failure
- Humanitarian crises
- Global terrorism
- International crime
- Weapons of mass destruction
- Climate change
- Increasing inequalities
29
Human Security
- “[...] an emerging paradigm for understanding security
vulnerabilities that challenges the traditional notion of national
security by arguing the proper referent for security should be the
individual rather than the state” (Textbook)
- UNDP’s (1994) Human Development Report
30
7 areas of human security
Economic
II. Food
III. Health
IV. Environmental
V. Personal
VI. Community
VII. Politic
31
“The Responsibility” To Protect (R2P)
- this falls within the concept of humanitarian intervention (HI)
- the use of military force in the name of protecting human security
- we have justified the violation of soverignty in the name of the human security
- R2P - responsibilty to protect - with soverignty comes responsibilty
- canadian concept - responsibilty to protect morale doctrine - officially endorced by the UN in 2006
- if a state is unable or unwilling to protect its civillians the responsibilty of soveitgnty is then transferred to the international community
32
Global Security Governance - Peace and Security regime (issue specific governance)
- United Nations - security council - at the centre of global security
- Regional security
- organizations
- International law - jus en bello - the un charter- charter that specifies that the un council must approve of armed conflict
- International non-governmental organizations
- Involves arms control, dispute resolution, conflict management & peacekeeping
33
collective security
collective security is a legal obligation to uphold security within its treaty members - NATO is the most powerful collective security organization
34
Peacemaking
comes before a conflict happens
35
Peacekeeping
after there has been a ceasefire agreement , UN buffers between two biligerent countries
36
Peace enforcement
after there has been a ceasefire agreement
37
Peacebuilding
after a violent conflict has ended and hostilities have ceased
38
Conventional weapons
- small arms, light weapons, missiles, cluster munitions, rockets, land mines, etc.
- Governed by the Geneva Conventions and the UN Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons
- Conventional weapons arms trade governed by the Arms Trade Treaty (ATT)
- Canada is not allowed to sell bullets or missiles to certain countries according to the Arms trade treaty
39
Arms trade
the international industry that manufactures, sells and trades
weapons
40
Weapons of mass destruction (WMDs)
the most destructive and deadly weapons in the world-Kill indiscriminately and cause widespread damage
41
3 categories of WMD
chemical weapons, biological weapons & nuclear weapons
42
Proliferation of WMD
- the spread/growth of WMDs
- Horizontal proliferation
- Vertical proliferation
43
Non-proliferation
efforts attempting to stop the proliferation of WMDs
44
Chemical weapons
- manufactured chemicals meant to kill people
- I.e. tear gas, pepper spray, nerve gas, mustard gas, Agent Orange, white phosphorus, etc.
- Cheap and easy to manufacture
45
Biological weapons
- use bacteria, bacterial toxins or viruses to kill people
- I.e. anthrax, smallpox, ricin, etc.
- Involve living organisms and/or viruses
46
RESPONSES TO PROLIFERATION: ARMS CONTROL & DISARMAMENT I
- 1925 Geneva Convention
- 1957 International Atomic EnergyAgency (IAEA)
- 1963 Partial Test Ban Treaty(PTBT)
- 1967 Tlatelolco Treaty
- 1969 Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty(NPT): the center piece of the modern nuclear non-proliferation regime
- Recognizes 5 states as having the right to nuclear weapons-US, UK, Russia, France and China-a ’2-class system’
- Consists of 190 signatories
- Israel, India and Pakistan have never signed
- North Korea withdrew its membership (2003)
- Overseen by the IAEA
47
RESPONSES TO PROLIFERATION: ARMS CONTROL & DISARMAMENT II
- 1972 Biological Weapons Convention
- 1972 Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty(SALT)
- 1975 Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention (BTWC) 183 parties involved - it is a success
- 1979 SALT II treaty - further restrictions on the growth of nuclear weapons - regulating the export of nuclear war heads
- 1991 Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty(START) reduction to 6,000 deployable of nuclear weapons
- 1992 Chemical Weapons Convention 197 signatories - very successful
- 1993 START II treaty
- 1996 Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty(CTBT) - not effective
- 2002 Strategic Offensive ReductionsTreaty (SORT) -reduced stockpiles to 2200 each
- 2010 START III treaty -limited to 1550 each
48
5 weapons-free zones
Latin America, Southeast Asia, South Pacific, Africa & Central Asia
49
‘INTERNATIONAL OR GLOBAL POLITICAL ECONOMY’ includes
international trade, international production, international finance, international development, international aid, global poverty and inequality, the environment, remittances, regionalism, etc.
50
**A HISTORY OF THE GLOBAL POLITICAL ECONOMY**
- 19th century capitalism a ‘great transformation’ (Polanyi, 1944)
- Post-WWII economic order reflected ‘embedded liberalism’ (Ruggie, 1982)
- Included Keynesian economics
- 1960s decolonization & ‘Third Worldism’
- 1980s: Keynesian economics replaced by neoliberalism
51
Bretton Woods institutions
- International Monetary Fund (IMF) & the World Bank
- General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)-> World Trade Organization (WTO)
52
United Nations international political economy
UNDP, ECOSOC, UNCTAD, G77, etc.
53
Economic groups
OECD, G7, G20, BRICS, OPEC - because there is no world government it the affiliations of states that try to shape global economic policy
54
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
meant to assist countries with financial issues with financial resources
55
World Bank
- meant to give loans for development
- Votes weighted according to financial commitments
56
Preferential trade agreement
a trade agreement that is registered with the WTO and is derogation, meaning that they are legally binding agreements
57
Free trade agreement/area
seeks to reduce trade barriers by implementing tariffs. example: NAFTA but that isnt relevant to us anymore
58
Customs union
a unified custom agreement that imposes a custom on any trade services that are coming outside of their union in order to protect their own market
59
Single/common market
treating seperate economies as a single economy, like the EU
60
Monetary union
when they share a currency
61
HUMAN RIGHTS
- Rights granted to people by virtue of being human
- Modern liberal human rights: notions and practices of human rights based in European liberal philosophy and institutionalized in the post-War period
- A deontological framework
- Human rights are i) indivisible, ii) interdependent and iii) universal
- Are supposed to serve our basic needs of survival, well-being, freedom and identity (Gultang, 1994)
62
First generation human rights
- political and civil rights
- ’Negative’ rights or ‘prescriptive’ rights - rights that are supposed to negate the over stretch of power by the state
- most dominant and prominent type of rights
63
Second generation human rights
- economic, social and cultural rights
- ‘Positive’ rights or ‘proscriptive’ rights - things states are supposed to positively provide (healthcare, education, labour laws etc.)
- progressive realization
64
Third generation human rights
- collective or group rights
- moral reference point is not the indiviual but a particular groups (minority groups)
- UNDRIP - international indigenous law (soft law) only third generation rights in the international sphere
65
THE UNITED NATIONS & INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS
- 1945 UN Charter
- **1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)**
- an exstension of the UN charter and elaborates on first and second generation rights
- 1977: Human Rights Committee
- 2003: creation of the UN Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner (OHCHR)
- Creation of the Human Rights Council
- Universal periodic review
- every 4 years they create a rapsheet for each state concerning human rights - monitors compliance with Human rights commitments
66
INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS TREATIES
- 1965 International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (CERD)
- 1966 Int’l Covenant on Civil and Political Rights(ICCPR)
- 1966 Int’l Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR)
- cold war politics - due to differing views of east and west they made two international covenants
- 1979 Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW)
- 1984 Convention Against Torture
- 1989 Convention on the Rights of the Child
- 2006 Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
- Soft law declarations: UDHR, Declaration on the Right to Development (1986), Universal Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples(UNDRIP) (2007)
- 2 covenants + UDHR = International Bill of Rights
67
INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS NGOS
- Began with the anti-slavery movement
- Have formed around specific issues (i.e. apartheid, child labor, sweatshops, etc.)
- Major human rights NGOs include Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch
- Roles include education, drafting conventions, lobbying governments, monitoring violations, naming violators, mobilizing support and providing aid
- **NGO oversee compliance**
68
ENFORCING HUMAN RIGHTS
- Enforcement through i) social pressures, ii) diplomatic pressure, iii) int’l courts, iv) sanctions and v)interventions
- Bilateral foreign policy
- UN enforcement
- Humanitarian intervention under the Security Council
- International courts (ICTY/ICTR, ICC)
- ICC developed in 2002
- Overlaps with international criminal law
69
UNDERSTANDING HUMAN RIGHTS IN WORLD POLITICS: APPLYING THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES
- Realism - security matters more than human rights
- Liberalism- more institutions between countries, more interdependence the better
- Constructivism - how certain events and ideas influence human rights (like the holocaust)
- Marxism- human rights don't go far enough, economic rights are needed for true equality
70
terrorism
- A tactic to inspire widespread terror toward a political end
- “[...]an act of political violence designed to instill fear in a large target population far beyond and apart from those individuals who are directly wounded or killed in any attack”(Hoffman, 2006)
71
CHARACTERISTICS OF TERRORISM
- The individuals, groups, objectives, resources, tactics and severity of terrorism vary widely
- Tend to be used by the weak in asymmetrical warfare
- Tend to promote an extremist ideology
- Tend to target civilians
72
WHY TERRORISM? THE PURPOSES OF TERRORISM
Purposes
1)To demoralize a population as leverage
2)To create drama and gain attention
3)To provoke a (often disproportionate)response
73
TYPES OF TERRORISM
- Domestic terrorism
- Transnational terrorism
- State-based terrorism
- State-sponsored terrorism - Iran
- Motive-based terrorism
- i.e. religious extremism, revolutionary terrorism, etc.
74
THE TERRORISM ISSUE IN WORLD POLITICS: PROMINENT EXAMPLES
- Late-1960s: Shining Path (Peru)
- 1972: Black September in Munich
- 1976: Tamil Tigers (Sri Lanka)
- 1988: Pan Am Flight 103 by Libyan agents
- 1993: World Trade Centre bombing
- 1998: US embassy bombings in Kenya and Tanzania
- 2004: Beslan school massacre (Chechnya)
- 2011: Neo-Nazi attack in Norway
- 2013: Boston Marathon attack
- 2017: Suicide bombing in Somalia
- 2019: White supremacist attack in New Zealand
- 2023: Hamas attack in Israel
75
GLOBALIZATION & TRENDS IN TERRORISM
- Globalization has
- i) contributed to the growth of terrorism,
- ii) globalized terrorism,
- iii) made it more effective
- Globalization has done so by:
- 1) Lack of (state-based) identity
- 2) Cultural preservation
- 3) Rising poverty and inequalities
- 4) New technologies
76
TERRORISM & TECHNOLOGY
1. Proselytization - getting the message out
2. Coordination
3. Security
4. Mobility
5. Lethality
6. Allow for cyberterrorism
77
CASE STUDY: TERRORISM IN KENYA
- 1998: US embassy bombing
- 2012: Series of al-Shabaab attacks
- 2013: attack on Westgate Shopping Mall
- 2014: attack on Christian town police forces and population
- 2015: Garissa University College attack
- 2019: attack on DusitD2 complex
- 2020: further small-scale attacks
78
COUNTERTERRORISM MEASURES: UNILATERAL STATE RESPONSES
- Anti-terrorism legislation
- Canada’s Anti-Terrorism Act
- Preventative security and policing measures
- Intelligence gathering, surveillance, migration restrictions
- Sanctions against state-sponsors of terrorism
- Unilateral military actions
79
COUNTERTERRORISM MEASURES: MULTILATERAL STATE RESPONSES
- Since 1962, around 20 multilateral laws/agreements
- Aviation security, protection of diplomats, laws around financing terrorism, etc.
- UN Security Council Resolution 1373 Creation of the Counter Terrorism Committee (CTC)
- legal binding order between all states regarding all knowledge of terorrism groups
80
