midterm 1 Flashcards

Question

what is individual-level analysis

Answer 1

research approach that focuses on the characteristics, beliefs, and decisions of individual people, rather than groups or larger systems, to understand a phenomenon

Answer 2

a way of studying how states interact with each other and how they shape international relations

Answer 3

examining a phenomenon by looking at the broader structure and dynamics of the entire system it operates within, considering the interactions between all its components rather than focusing on individual elements

Answer 4

the idea that people make rational decisions based on the information and resources they have available.

Answer 5

- I. Simplify - II. Clarify - III. Describe - IV. Help to understand - V. Explain - VI. Predict

Answer 6

Views world politics as a struggle for power between competitive, self-interested states - Realism: Realism - the OG ONE, set of assumptions. Assumes very little, the most parsimony. - seeing individual states, under anarchy where there is an assumption of a self help anarchy. - States politics are the only actors - Black-box the state, there is only driven by state. states are only rational actions. - Driven by Self interest = states - maximization of security or power. ONLY FOCUSING ON SELF-Interest Security is the major interest - Being concerned of security, to others Security dilemma the more secure other state, your state will make everything to have more security. - security Spent = increases = security spend. a cycle of how to hard to reduce security spent - Realist to Canada now: “YOU SHOULD HAVE PREPARE, NO LEADING to ACTUAL FRIENDS” Standing in your own feet. not a friendly system, anytime they those friends can stab you at the back.

Answer 7

I. States are the only primary actor II. States exist in a self-help system of international anarchy - Order established through the balance of power III. State interests are equated with survival and increasing security and/or power - Results in the security dilemma IV. States place emphasis on relative gains - they need to be under the perception that they are gaining more with cooperative states, whether that be a security agreement or an economic agreement

Answer 8

- Views world politics as largely cooperative under international institutions and conditions of interdependence - liberalism is the same game as realism but has different rules - the self interest is mitigated signifigantly between the interdependence among state - the security dilemma is less of an issue with liberalist theory - traditional philosophers thought that interdependence within society was the best solution to mitigating conflict and the overall benefit of society.

Answer 9

I. States are the central, but not the only, important actors in world politics II. International anarchy is mitigated by international institutions and interdependence III. State interests can change in these conditions, placing less emphasis on security politics IV. States also emphasize absolute gains V. Belief in human progress

Answer 10

- A social theory of world politics - uses sociology as a worldview for world politics - a set of assumptions and leaps of faith, the nature of world politics is socially constructed - ideas are central to all world politics and we can understand states using ideas- its an non material ideology, all based off of theoretical ideologies - constructivist validate soft power and how far influence can go in the international system

Answer 11

I. World politics is a social system II. The nature of world politics is socially constructed III. Social structures shape state interests, ideas and behaviours IV. Importance of knowledge and legitimacy in the social system V. Importance of state and non-state actors

Answer 12

- Emphasis on historical materialism - material conditions shape all social things in life - any other sense of of ur place in society that is apart from ur economic positioning in society is a mirage (its fake, the only postitioning that exists is ur class and socio-economic position) - changes in our material conditions is the major catalyst in extreme changes in our political ideologies - Examines change over time (historical), focusing on the role of economic factors (materialism) - Focuses on classes/social forces -A product of the relations of production/economic position - Power is a product of economic relations and reflected in politics/society - Neo-Marxists: shift emphasis from the relations of production to the relations of exchange (i.e. trade)

Answer 13

- Focuses on the development gap between the Global North (‘developed’ or ‘core’ countries) and the Global South (‘underdeveloped’ or ‘periphery’) countries - Argues the development of the core countries is premised on the underdevelopment of countries in the periphery - Emphasis on uneven or declining terms of international trade trade between the core and periphery - A relationship rooted in colonialism

Answer 14

action taken by a single state

Answer 15

coordination among 3 or more states in pursuit of a shared goal

Answer 16

anything that shapes, constrains, guides and/or patterns the behaviour of states

Answer 17

the more we agree to do certain things, the more accountable we are to uphold threm, or basically we don’t invade other countries so that they don’t invade us.

Answer 18

- i) Increasing state contact and interdependence - ii) Transnational issues - iii) Increase legitimacy of actions in world affairs - iv) Increase leverage for smaller-power states

Answer 19

- aka ‘International organizations’ (IOs) - Consist of 3 or more states with activities in several states - Formal multilateralism - Consist of their own organizational structures and forms of decision-making - Nato and WTO members have uanominity (everyone has to agree on any new idea)

Answer 20

- nited Nations (UN) - Bretton Woods institutions (World Bank and the International Monetary Fund) - World Trade Organization (WTO) - North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) - European Union (EU) - Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) - Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) - African Union (AU) - Common Market of the South (MERCOSUR) - BRICS(+)

Answer 21

1. Europe a. EU, Organization for Security Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) 2. Africa a. AU, Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), Southern African DevelopmentCommunity (SADC), East African Community (EAC) 3. The Americas 1. Organization of American States (OAS), MERCOSURIV. 2. all of North America, South America, Central America, just not Cuba 4. Asia 1. Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN),Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)- Canada is a member as well, ShanghaiCooperation Organization (SCO)V. 5. The Middle East 1. Arab League, Gulf Cooperation Council

Answer 22

- A central component of world politics and governance - A truly global IGO 193 members - Central to world peace and stability - the only time force is legal is when it is authorized by the UN security council

Answer 23

1. Provides the global security system 2. Creates international laws and principles - helps facilitate international law 3. A forum for debate and knowledge sharing 4. Involved in international development efforts 5. Sponsors global conferences

Answer 24

1. I. General Assembly 2. II. Security Council 3. III. Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) 4. IV. Secretariate 5. V. International Court of Justice (ICJ)

Answer 25

Includes WHO, ILO, UNESCO, FAO,etc.

Answer 26

Includes UNICEF, UNDP, UNHCR,WFO, UN Women, UNEP, etc.

Answer 27

Europian union, - 1951 Evo coal and steel community - the first historic precursor of the Europian Union

Answer 28

- The international ‘hub’ - Sets the global agenda - like human rights, international goals - consists of 1 person from each member - meet every September - the general assembly cannot pass binding law - central form of international diplomacy - reflects principles of democracy

Answer 29

- Core of the global security system - 15 members, 5 are permanent (P-5) - reflects oligarchy - **they make their decisions on armed forces, peace keeping, humanitarian intervention** - Peace keeping forces (volunteer base) 11 missions; under authorization, consent based of the country. NO UN FORCE - Collective Security - UN is a collective security organization, which allows the use of force. No obligation but authorize the force. (coalition of willing) Countries voluntary (allowing and correcting the violation - Enforcement - a form of sanctions (all countries need to follow) where determining the destabilizing the violation of one country [targeted sanctions & comprehensive sanctions] - Humanitarian Intervention (HI) - authorize military (intervention) force, where UN allows military force on Human Rights Violation [2011 in Libya] - Peace of Resolution - 1950 Korea (HINT WINK), a force of North Korea and South Korea. UN force, where they authorize the use of force. It is the only first and last time of using peace of resolution - Keeping concentrated and centralized in Security Council – the reason why we haven’t seen the use of force - New Membership: General Assembly and Security Council

Answer 30

- Central forum for economic and social issues and development policy - 54 members that er elected by the general assembly and have a certain amount of seat for each country - oversea human right policy, international agreement on climate change - most of the contribution happens,oversee and mandate of Financial and Resources of The UN (54 members, 3-4years terms). International development, human rights policy, etc. [Everything not dealing with peace and security it goes on the ECOSOC.] economic and social issues

Answer 31

- The UN’s administration - Headed by the Secretary-General, pushing toward the interest of all nations (human rights, climate change, peace, human right violation) - focus on recognition of human rights, international policy, etc.→ Secretary-general: the face of United Nations, 4 years term and can be renew

Answer 32

- ’World Court’ - part of the un - different with the international criminal court - dispute resolution , handles disputes only between states, they do not determine guilt, only how to settle (like mediation court) - can pass order on of provisional members- the court can order the state to ceasefire their operarions until the case is settled - countries have to consent to be partied of the court (south sudan wanted to take libya to court, libya would have to agree to that) - a dispute resolution court, handles the states disputes (a civil case in two/three states) determining the injury occurred. Both countries need to agree, or else there will be no jurisdiction. Any country who signed the genocide then can bring Israel in ICJ ICC is not part of UN system

Answer 33

- Authorize peacekeeping forces- Are there to buffer and monotone ceasefire and are there by consent – - Collective Security- authorize use of force, it's a response to other countries UN charter - Enforcement measures - security can tell us what to do – If a countries in violation and they find it destabilizing they can enforce measure on the country(s) that they must follow – these are called SANCTIONS (travel resitions as an example) - Humanitarian intervention(HI)- Authorized military force to enforce humanitarian principles. (Ex. The libya intervention in 2011) - there are certain instance where the general assembly can invoke a certain resolution UNITING FOR PEACE RESOLUTION – It only result in armed conflict once —- North Korea in 1950 when they invaded the south– Very unlikely it will happen again

Answer 34

- Contradictions with state sovereignty - Competing interests in world politics - Leads to ineffectiveness and inaction - Lack of sufficient funding - Ongoing and new transnationalissues - Issues/bad things we see = a reflection of UN security system Transnational issues - a world spread, where they catch up to these issues Any member leaves or a major member leave then there is a serious thing to be panic

Answer 35

- Law: mechanisms put in place to regulate interactions and settle disputes - There is much debate regarding whether international law is ‘law’ - Nicaragua-US example - A core international institution - “[...] the body of principles, customs and rules regulating interactions among and between states, IOs, individuals and in more limited cases, multilateral organizations” (Boyer et al, 2019, 259) - International law is consent-based-Sovereignty is central - UN has no international police, no judiciary, no legislation Considering the outputs and not inputs - International law most countries implies/complied to international law every single time a country violation, with reference to the international l

Answer 36

- International law exists in a condition of anarchy - There are multiple sources of international law - international law lacks centralized, consistent enforcement - International law is consent-based - International law is more facilitative than controlling - Politics precedes and constrains international law to a greater extent - there are certain ways of enforcement - multilateral enforcement is the most ideal way to enforce international law - treaties are legally binding contracts between two or more states, biggest source of international law - international customary law - jus-cosen law - war crime is a mass violation of humanitarian law - soft law- non legally binding law

Answer 37

treaties soft law customary law

Answer 38

- A political community - States have existed throughout human history - the creation of states was an organic process through european conflicts - treaty of westphalia

Answer 39

- i) universality & - ii) sovereignty

Answer 40

territory, populations & governments, and state soverignty - any state that is struggling in one of these is in a weakened/fragile state

Answer 41

the right to self determination

Answer 42

centralized authority ,monopoly on the use of force

Answer 43

(recognition) when another state attacks you or when another state is influencing you

Answer 44

when a modern state system exists when a nation is formed where a state already exists

Answer 45

- Defense - Facilitate collective action - Control of violence & policing - Taxation - Maintaining rule of law - Provide public goods - Administrative roles - Correct for market failuresFunctions of states

Answer 46

the ability of the state to achieve its functions

Answer 47

a state with low capacity

Answer 48

when a state cannot perform its basic functions