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2024 A & P > new chapter 3 > Flashcards

new chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

name the major body cavities

A
  • cranial cavity
  • thoracic cavity
  • abdominopelvic cavity
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2
Q

name the major body compartments

A
  • extracellular fluid compartment
  • intracellular fluid compartment
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3
Q

draw and label the fluid mosaic model of cell membrane

A
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4
Q

what are the five major functions of the cytoskeleton

A
  • cell shape (scaffolding for structural support)
  • internal organization (stabilizes position of organelles and structures)
  • intracellular transport (serve as intracellular railroad track)
  • assembly of cells into tissue (protein fibers connect to extracellular space things which then connect with other protein fibers of other cells)
  • movement ( cilia and flagella help cells move with assistance of motor proteins)
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5
Q

name three motor proteins

A
  • myosin
  • kinesin
  • dynein
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6
Q

what is the function of myosin

A
  • bind to actin
  • muscle contraction
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7
Q

describe the structure and function of the extracellular matrix

A

-synthesized and secreted by cells
- plays vital role in tissue function

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8
Q

what are the three major categories of cell junction

A
  • communicating junctions (GAP)
  • occluding junctions (TIGHT)
  • anchoring junctions
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9
Q

what are the roles of protein in communicating junctions (GAP)

A

CONNEXIN - what gas junctions of made of
- direct and rapid cell-to-cell communication through channels that allow movement of small molecules and ions from cytoplasm -to- cytoplasm

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10
Q

what are the four tissue types

A
  • epithelial
  • connective
  • muscle
  • neural
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11
Q

what are the five functional categories of epithelia

A
  • exchange epithelia
  • transport epithelia
  • ciliated epithelium
  • protective epithelium
  • secretory epithelium
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12
Q

what is the anatomy and function of exchange epithelia

A
  • Thin flat cells
  • allow movement through and between cells
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13
Q

what is the anatomy and function of transport epithelia

A
  • selectively moves substances between lumen and ECF
  • prevent movement between adjacent cells must go through epithelial cells
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14
Q

what is the anatomy and function of ciliated epithelium

A
  • looks like anemone
  • creates fluid currents that sweet across the epithelial surface
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15
Q

what is the anatomy and function of protective epithelium

A
  • many stacked layers of cells, flat circular
  • constantly being replaced, protective layer under skin
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16
Q

what is the anatomy and function of secretory epithelium

A
  • make and release product both outside and inside body
  • hormones into blood, mucus outside body
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17
Q

what are the seven main categories of connective tissue

A
  • loose connective
  • bone
  • cartilage
  • dense regular
  • dense irregular
  • blood
  • adipose tissue
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18
Q

what is the anatomy and function of loose connective

A
  • collegen, fibroblasts , elastic fibers and ground substances
  • very flexible with multiple cells types and fibers
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19
Q

what is the anatomy and function of bone

A
  • matrix osteocytes
  • osteoblasts deposit calcium phosphate crystals into matrix
  • structure and function
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20
Q

what is the anatomy and function of cartilage

A
  • matrix and chrondrocytes
  • firm but flexible matrix secreted by cells (chondrocytes)
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21
Q

what is the anatomy and function of dense regular tissue

A

collegen fibers of tendon packed into parallel bundles
- tendons connect muscle to bone and ligaments attach bone to bone

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22
Q

what is the anatomy and function of dense irregular tissue

A

collagen densely packed
-tendons connect muscle to bone and ligaments attach bone to bone

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23
Q

what is the anatomy and function of blood

A
  • liquid matrix, red and white blood cells and platelets
  • transporting oxygen and nutrients to organs and tissues
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24
Q

what is the anatomy and function of adipose tissue

A

white fat, cytoplasm filled with lipid droplets
- body fat

25
Q

what are the three types of muscle tissue

A
  • Skeletal
  • smooth
  • cardiac
26
Q

what are the two types of neural tissue

A
  • neurons
  • glial cells
27
Q

what is apoptosis

A

programmed / planned cell death

28
Q

what is necrosis

A

unplanned cell death (trauma, toxins and hypoxia)

29
Q

what is the difference between apoptosis and necrosis

A

apoptosis is planned cell death necrosis is unplanned cell death due to problems caused to body

30
Q

what are pluripotent stem cells

A

in later embryonic development cells
- many potential fates

31
Q

what are multipoint stem cells

A
  • adult stem cells
  • many potential fates but constricted
32
Q

what are totipotent stem cells

A
  • early cells
  • potential to develop into any cell type
33
Q

distinguish between the three types of stem cells

A
  • totipotent
  • pluripotent
  • multippotent
34
Q

what is the anatomy and function of smooth muscle

A

smooth non striated thick and thin filaments
- involuntary muscle controlled unconsciously
- in walls of blood vessels and internal organs

35
Q

what is the anatomy and function of skeletal muscle

A
  • striated multinucleated cells
  • voluntary muscle
  • over 600 through body
36
Q

what is the anatomy and function of cardiac muscle

A
  • striated branched tissue
  • controls itself and regulated by nervous and endocrine systems
  • only in heart
37
Q

what is the anatomy and function of neurons

A

carry information from one part of body to another down axons

38
Q

what is the anatomy and function of glial cells

A

support neuron function

39
Q

what is the purpose of Body cavities

A

allow for separation of biological contents and functions between spaces
- specialization

40
Q

what does the cranial cavity contain

A

brain and spinal cord

41
Q

what does the thoracic cavity contain

A

plural cavity/sac = lungs
pericardial cavity/sac = heart

42
Q

what does the abdominal cavity contain

A

abdominal = digestive organs
pelvic = digestive and reproductive organs

43
Q

what does the extracellular compartment contain

A
  • interstitial fluid (surrounds cells)
  • plasma (fluid in blood)
44
Q

what does the intracellular fluid compartment contain

A

all fluid within cells

45
Q

what are the main functions of the cell membrane

A
  • physical isolation (separation of ICF from EFC)
  • Regulation of exchange of contents with the environment (control movement of ions in/out of cell)
  • communication between the cell and it’s environment
    (membrane proteins allow the cell to respond to external changes)
  • structural support (MP attach to cytoskeleton intracellular and create junctions between neighboring cells and the EC matrix)
46
Q

what’s the cell membrane composed of

A

lipids and proteins and small amount of carbohydrates

47
Q

what three lipid types are in the cell membrane (create hydrophobic layer)

A
  • phospholipids (primary)
  • cholesterol
  • sphingolipids
48
Q

what are the three membrane proteins

A
  • integral proteins (extend across cell membrane)
  • peripheral proteins (non-covalently attached to integral proteins or heads of phospholipids)
  • lipid-anchored proteins (inserted in bilayer, covalently bound to lipids in cell membrane)
49
Q

what are the two membrane carbohydrates and what to they attach to

A
  • glycoproteins -> proteins
  • glycolipids -> lipids
50
Q

what is the function of kinesin

A

assist in movement of vesicles and organelles along microtubules

51
Q

what is the function of

A

assist in movement of vesicles and organelles along microtubules

52
Q

what are the two components of the ECM

A
  • proteoglycans
  • insoluble protein fibers
53
Q

what is the function of proteoglycans

A
  • proteins bound to polysaccharides
54
Q

what is the function off insoluble protein fibers

A
  • provide strength and anchor the cell to the matrix by attaching to cytoskeleton proteins
    (collagen, fibronectin, laminin, elastin)
55
Q

what are the roles of proteins in Occluding junctions (TIGHT)

A
  • Claudins/occludins: partially fuse cell membranes
  • restrict moment of materials between cells
56
Q

what are the roles of proteins in anchoring junctions (6)

A
  • Cadherin: lock together on extracellular surface
  • Adherens: anchor one cell to another and attach actin fibers inside each cell
  • Desmosomes (strongest): anchor one cell to another and attach intermediate filaments inside each cell
  • Integrin: grab matrix proteins
  • Hemidesmosomes: connect ECM to intermediate filaments inside cell
  • Focal Adhesions: connect ECM to actin fibers inside cell
57
Q

what are exocrine glands

A

lumen forms in gland creating duct that provides passage for secretions to move to surface of epithelium
(Release outside body)

58
Q

what are endocrine glands

A

lose connecting bridge to cells allowing their secretion to go directly into blood (release into body)

59
Q

what are disadvantages of body compartments

A
  • barriers between areas
  • tissue transport and communication issues (cells have developed mechanisms to solve this)

2024 A & P (4 decks)

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