new chapter 3 Flashcards
name the major body cavities
- cranial cavity
- thoracic cavity
- abdominopelvic cavity
name the major body compartments
- extracellular fluid compartment
- intracellular fluid compartment
draw and label the fluid mosaic model of cell membrane
what are the five major functions of the cytoskeleton
- cell shape (scaffolding for structural support)
- internal organization (stabilizes position of organelles and structures)
- intracellular transport (serve as intracellular railroad track)
- assembly of cells into tissue (protein fibers connect to extracellular space things which then connect with other protein fibers of other cells)
- movement ( cilia and flagella help cells move with assistance of motor proteins)
name three motor proteins
- myosin
- kinesin
- dynein
what is the function of myosin
- bind to actin
- muscle contraction
describe the structure and function of the extracellular matrix
-synthesized and secreted by cells
- plays vital role in tissue function
what are the three major categories of cell junction
- communicating junctions (GAP)
- occluding junctions (TIGHT)
- anchoring junctions
what are the roles of protein in communicating junctions (GAP)
CONNEXIN - what gas junctions of made of
- direct and rapid cell-to-cell communication through channels that allow movement of small molecules and ions from cytoplasm -to- cytoplasm
what are the four tissue types
- epithelial
- connective
- muscle
- neural
what are the five functional categories of epithelia
- exchange epithelia
- transport epithelia
- ciliated epithelium
- protective epithelium
- secretory epithelium
what is the anatomy and function of exchange epithelia
- Thin flat cells
- allow movement through and between cells
what is the anatomy and function of transport epithelia
- selectively moves substances between lumen and ECF
- prevent movement between adjacent cells must go through epithelial cells
what is the anatomy and function of ciliated epithelium
- looks like anemone
- creates fluid currents that sweet across the epithelial surface
what is the anatomy and function of protective epithelium
- many stacked layers of cells, flat circular
- constantly being replaced, protective layer under skin
what is the anatomy and function of secretory epithelium
- make and release product both outside and inside body
- hormones into blood, mucus outside body
what are the seven main categories of connective tissue
- loose connective
- bone
- cartilage
- dense regular
- dense irregular
- blood
- adipose tissue
what is the anatomy and function of loose connective
- collegen, fibroblasts , elastic fibers and ground substances
- very flexible with multiple cells types and fibers
what is the anatomy and function of bone
- matrix osteocytes
- osteoblasts deposit calcium phosphate crystals into matrix
- structure and function
what is the anatomy and function of cartilage
- matrix and chrondrocytes
- firm but flexible matrix secreted by cells (chondrocytes)
what is the anatomy and function of dense regular tissue
collegen fibers of tendon packed into parallel bundles
- tendons connect muscle to bone and ligaments attach bone to bone
what is the anatomy and function of dense irregular tissue
collagen densely packed
-tendons connect muscle to bone and ligaments attach bone to bone
what is the anatomy and function of blood
- liquid matrix, red and white blood cells and platelets
- transporting oxygen and nutrients to organs and tissues
what is the anatomy and function of adipose tissue
white fat, cytoplasm filled with lipid droplets
- body fat
what are the three types of muscle tissue
- Skeletal
- smooth
- cardiac
what are the two types of neural tissue
- neurons
- glial cells
what is apoptosis
programmed / planned cell death
what is necrosis
unplanned cell death (trauma, toxins and hypoxia)
what is the difference between apoptosis and necrosis
apoptosis is planned cell death necrosis is unplanned cell death due to problems caused to body
what are pluripotent stem cells
in later embryonic development cells
- many potential fates
what are multipoint stem cells
- adult stem cells
- many potential fates but constricted
what are totipotent stem cells
- early cells
- potential to develop into any cell type
distinguish between the three types of stem cells
- totipotent
- pluripotent
- multippotent
what is the anatomy and function of smooth muscle
smooth non striated thick and thin filaments
- involuntary muscle controlled unconsciously
- in walls of blood vessels and internal organs
what is the anatomy and function of skeletal muscle
- striated multinucleated cells
- voluntary muscle
- over 600 through body
what is the anatomy and function of cardiac muscle
- striated branched tissue
- controls itself and regulated by nervous and endocrine systems
- only in heart
what is the anatomy and function of neurons
carry information from one part of body to another down axons
what is the anatomy and function of glial cells
support neuron function
what is the purpose of Body cavities
allow for separation of biological contents and functions between spaces
- specialization
what does the cranial cavity contain
brain and spinal cord
what does the thoracic cavity contain
plural cavity/sac = lungs
pericardial cavity/sac = heart
what does the abdominal cavity contain
abdominal = digestive organs
pelvic = digestive and reproductive organs
what does the extracellular compartment contain
- interstitial fluid (surrounds cells)
- plasma (fluid in blood)
what does the intracellular fluid compartment contain
all fluid within cells
what are the main functions of the cell membrane
- physical isolation (separation of ICF from EFC)
- Regulation of exchange of contents with the environment (control movement of ions in/out of cell)
- communication between the cell and it’s environment
(membrane proteins allow the cell to respond to external changes) - structural support (MP attach to cytoskeleton intracellular and create junctions between neighboring cells and the EC matrix)
what’s the cell membrane composed of
lipids and proteins and small amount of carbohydrates
what three lipid types are in the cell membrane (create hydrophobic layer)
- phospholipids (primary)
- cholesterol
- sphingolipids
what are the three membrane proteins
- integral proteins (extend across cell membrane)
- peripheral proteins (non-covalently attached to integral proteins or heads of phospholipids)
- lipid-anchored proteins (inserted in bilayer, covalently bound to lipids in cell membrane)
what are the two membrane carbohydrates and what to they attach to
- glycoproteins -> proteins
- glycolipids -> lipids
what is the function of kinesin
assist in movement of vesicles and organelles along microtubules
what is the function of
assist in movement of vesicles and organelles along microtubules
what are the two components of the ECM
- proteoglycans
- insoluble protein fibers
what is the function of proteoglycans
- proteins bound to polysaccharides
what is the function off insoluble protein fibers
- provide strength and anchor the cell to the matrix by attaching to cytoskeleton proteins
(collagen, fibronectin, laminin, elastin)
what are the roles of proteins in Occluding junctions (TIGHT)
- Claudins/occludins: partially fuse cell membranes
- restrict moment of materials between cells
what are the roles of proteins in anchoring junctions (6)
- Cadherin: lock together on extracellular surface
- Adherens: anchor one cell to another and attach actin fibers inside each cell
- Desmosomes (strongest): anchor one cell to another and attach intermediate filaments inside each cell
- Integrin: grab matrix proteins
- Hemidesmosomes: connect ECM to intermediate filaments inside cell
- Focal Adhesions: connect ECM to actin fibers inside cell
what are exocrine glands
lumen forms in gland creating duct that provides passage for secretions to move to surface of epithelium
(Release outside body)
what are endocrine glands
lose connecting bridge to cells allowing their secretion to go directly into blood (release into body)
what are disadvantages of body compartments
- barriers between areas
- tissue transport and communication issues (cells have developed mechanisms to solve this)
