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2024 A & P > chapter 5 > Flashcards

chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

what is osmotic equilibrium

A

free movement between cells and the ECF
- water is only molecule with free movement

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2
Q

what is electrical disequilibrium

A

the inside of cells is negative relative to the outside

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3
Q

what is chemical disequilibrium

A

major solutes in the body are more concentrated in one of the two body compartments

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4
Q

how can the body be in osmotic equilibrium but electrical and chemical disequilibrium

A

osmotic equilibrium because water can move in and out of cells at a constant rate but the solutes in the body are still concentrated and and charged differently

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5
Q

what is the distribution of water among compartments

A
  • intracellular fluid volume: 2/3 of volume
  • extracellular fluid volume: 1/3 of volume
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6
Q

define and describe molarity

A

the number of moles of dissolves solute per liter (mol/L)

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7
Q

define and describe osmolarity

A

concentration for biological solutions
- number of osmostically active particles (ions and molecules that can’t easily cross the cell membrane) per liter (osmol/L)

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8
Q

define and describe osmotic pressure

A

pressure that must be applied to oppose osmosis
- not let concentrations be equal?

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9
Q

define and describe tonicity

A

allows prediction of how solution will affect cell volume

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10
Q

what is bulk flow

A

biological transport
- fluid and gas movement driven by pressure or temperature gradients

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11
Q

describe solute movement across compartment membranes

A

membranes have selective permeability which can be specifically altered with membrane proteins

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12
Q

compare bulk flow to solute movement across membranes

A

bulk flow is transport of fluid and gases due to pressure or gradients, while solute movement is when urea or gases can freely cross membranes and enter the cell

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13
Q

describe simple diffusion

A

diffusion directly across phospholipid bilayer of membrane
- unaided diffusion

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14
Q

describe vesicular transport

A

molecules that are too large for channels and carriers use vesicles
- bubble like formations made rom cell membrane

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15
Q

describe diffusion in open system

A

molecules move from an area of higher concentration to area with lower concentration

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16
Q

what are the seven properties diffusion follows

A
  1. passive process
  2. molecules move from high to low concentrations (chemical gradient)
  3. net movement occurs until concentration is equal
  4. rapid over short distances and slow over long distances
  5. directly related to temperature
  6. inversely related to molecule size (larger=slower)
  7. occurs in open system or across partition between two separate systems
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17
Q

describe movement on facilitated diffusion

A

molecule needs channel/transport protein to cross membrane

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18
Q

describe active transport carriers

A

carriers on move one molecule or group of closely related molecule at a time

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19
Q

compare movement through channels to movement on facilitated diffusion and active transport carriers

A
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20
Q

define specificity

A

carriers only move one molecule or group of closely related molecules

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21
Q

define competition

A

molecules with similar shape compete for binding sites on transporters and stop or slow down transport

22
Q

define saturation

A

rate of transport will increase as substrate concentration increases or until all carriers are full (transport maximum)

23
Q

describe trans cellular transport

A
24
Q

describe paracellular transport

A
25
Q

describe transcytosis

A
  • plasma proteins are concentrated in caveolae then undergo endocytosis and for vesicles
  • vesicle cross cell
  • vessicle contents are released into ECF by exocytosis
26
Q

how do trans cellular transport, paracellular transport and transcytosis apply to epithelial transport

A

if molecule is too large so vesicular transport is used and energy is needed for movement across both membranes

27
Q

what is resting membrane potential

A

electrical gradient formed between ECF and ICF

28
Q

what does it mean for a cell to have resting membrane potential

A

when cells don’t actively electrically signaling, electrical gradient reaches steady state, the steady state is RMP

29
Q

describe ion permeabiity

A

ability of ions to pass through membrane

30
Q

describe membrane potenial

A

electrical potential difference across cell membrane
- uneven distribution of ions between ECF and ICF

31
Q

how do changes in ion permeability change membrane potential (give example)

A

membrane potential is determined by movement of ions across membrane. if one of the ions that is highly concentrated inside the cell flows outside it will make the inside of the cell more negatively charged

32
Q

what is the sequence of membrane transport-asscoiated steps that link increased blood glucose to insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells

A
  1. high glucose in blood
  2. metabolism increases
  3. ATP increases
  4. Kate channels close
  5. cell depolarizes and calcium channels open
  6. Ca entry acts as an intracellular signal
  7. Ca signal triggers exocytosis and insulin is secreted
33
Q

define homestasis

A

stability of the body internal environment

34
Q

are ICF and ECF same

A

no they are stable not the same they are at a dynamic disequilibrium

35
Q

define dynamic disequilibrium

A

maintain balance while in motion (things moving in and out)

36
Q

define osmosis

A

water moves from an area of lower solute concentration to higher solute concentration

37
Q

define semi-permeable

A

cells have membranes that allow water to move freely but solute movement is more restrictive

38
Q

what does it mean for solutions to be isosmotic what does it relate to

A

two solution with the same number of solute particles per volume
- osmolarity

39
Q

what does it mean for a solution to be hyperosmotic what does it relate to

A

a solution with higher osmolarity

40
Q

what does it mean for a solution to be hypoosmotic and what does it relate to

A

solution with lower osmolarity

41
Q

what is hypotonic and what does it relate to

A

cell gains water after being placed in solution (water goes in cell)
- tonicity

42
Q

what is hypertonic and what does it relate to

A

cell loses water
- tonicity

43
Q

what is isotonic and what does it relate to

A

no change in cell volume (water goes in and leaves cell keeping it constant)
- tonicity

44
Q

what are non-penetrating solutes

A

solutes unable to cross membrane freely (need specific transport)

(ions, protein, glucose and lipids)

44
Q

what are penetrating solutes

A

solutes freely crossing membrane into cell
(urea and gases)
- doesn’t impact water movement (achieves chemical equilibrium)

45
Q

what properties will dictate if a molecule can pass through a membrane

A
  • size (small molecules pass through more freely)
  • lipid solubility (lipid soluble molecules can pass through)
  • water, O2 and Co2 can move freely
46
Q

what is used to facilitate transport through impermeable membranes

A

membrane proteins

47
Q

what is passive transport

A

uses potential energy stored in gradient to move molecules across membrane
- with the gradient
- uses simple and facilitated diffusion

48
Q

what is active transport

A

requires and input of energy from outside source to move molecule across membrane
- against the gradient
- uses primary and secondary active transport

49
Q

what are additional considerations for simple diffusion

A

rate of diffusion depends on nature of the molecule
- molecular size
- lipid content
- water is exception
- rate of diffusion is proportional to membrane surface area

50
Q

what is Fick’s law of diffusion

A

rate of diffusion is proportional to:
surface area x concentration gradient x membrane permeability

51
Q

what are the three types of vesicular transport

A
  1. phagocytosis: import
  2. endocytosis: import
  3. exocytosis: export

2024 A & P (4 decks)

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