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Introduction to Neuroscience and Pharmacology > neurotransmitters > Flashcards

neurotransmitters Flashcards

1
Q

synapse

A

connection between two neurons

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2
Q

synaptic cleft

A

area between presynaptic terminal + postsynaptic regions

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3
Q

presynaptic neuron

A

neuron that is transmitting to another

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4
Q

postsynaptic neuron

A

receiving neuron

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5
Q

vesicles

A

where neurotransmitters are stored in the terminals in membrane-enclosed containers

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6
Q

partial depolarisation/hypopolarisation

A

excitatory effect that facilitates occurrence of an action potential

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7
Q

increased polarisation/hyperpolarisation

A

inhibitory effect that makes an action potential less likely to occur

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8
Q

excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)

A

hypopolarisation of dendrites + cell body when sodium channels are opened

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9
Q

inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)

A

hyperpolarisation of dendrites + cell body when potassium/chloride channels are opened

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10
Q

inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)

A

hyperpolarisation of dendrites + cell body when potassium/chloride channels are opened

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11
Q

axon hillock

A

where axon joins cell body

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12
Q

Do EPSPs increase or decrease the rate of firing?

A

increase

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13
Q

DO IPSPs increase or decrease the rate of firing?

A

decrease

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14
Q

temporal summation

A

combines potentials arriving a short time apart

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15
Q

reuptake

A

when transmitters are taken back into terminals by transporter proteins, repackaged, in vesicles + used again

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16
Q

How do glial cells contribute to regulation of synaptic activity?

A

1) surround synapse + prevent neurotransmitter from spreading to other synapses
2) remove neurotransmitter from synaptic cleft + recycle

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17
Q

How do glial cells contribute to regulation of synaptic activity?

A

1) surround synapse + prevent neurotransmitter from spreading to other synapses
2) remove neurotransmitter from synaptic cleft + recycle

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18
Q

neural networks

A

groups of neurons that function together to carry out a process

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19
Q

acetylcholine

A

transmitter at muscles; in brain, involved in learning

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20
Q

serotonin

A

involved in mood, sleep, arousal, aggression, depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, alcoholism

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21
Q

dopamine

A

contributes to movement control + promotes reinforcing effects of food, sex + abused drugs; involved in schizophrenia + Parkinson’s disease

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22
Q

norepinephrine

A

hormone released during stress, functions as neurotransmitter in the brain to increase arousal + attentiveness to events in environment; involved in depression

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23
Q

epinephrine

A

stress hormone related to norepinephrine; plays minor role as neurotransmitter in brain

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24
Q

epinephrine

A

stress hormone related to norepinephrine; plays minor role as neurotransmitter in brain

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25
Q

glutamate

A

principal excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain + spinal cord, vitally involved in learning + implicated in schizophrenica

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26
Q

gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

A

inhibitory transmitter in spinal cord + lower brain

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27
Q

endorphins

A

neuromodulators that reduce pain + enhance reinforcement

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28
Q

substance p

A

transmitter in neurons sensitive to pain

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29
Q

neuropeptide y

A

initiates eating + produces metabolic shifts

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30
Q

nitric oxide

A

one of two known gaseous transmitters that can serve as a retrograde transmitter, influencing presynaptic neuron’s release of neurotransmitter

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31
Q

What three criteria must a neurotransmitter fall into?

A

1) be synthesised + stored in presynaptic neuron
2) be released by presynaptic axon terminal
3) produce responses in postsynaptic cell

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32
Q

presynaptic termnal

A

end of an axon that forms the synapse

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33
Q

What do mitochondria do in synaptic transmission?

A

provide energy

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34
Q

secretory granules

A

cell organelles which contain chemicals released from axon terminal to activate receptors on surrounding neurons

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35
Q

active zone

A

part of presynaptic regions where synaptic vesicles dock + are released

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36
Q

postsynaptic density

A

region of postsynaptic membrane enriched with receptors

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37
Q

vesicular transporters

A

proteins which transport neurotransmitter into synaptic vesicles

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38
Q

reuptake transporters

A

proteins which transport released neurotransmitter into presynaptic terminal

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39
Q

degrative enzymes

A

break down any free neurotransmitter

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40
Q

receptors

A

proteins through which neurotransmitter relays signals/effects

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41
Q

secondary messengers

A

biochemical pathways initiated following binding of neurotransmitter to receptors

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42
Q

Are neurotransmitters located presynaptically or postsynaptically?

A

presynaptically

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43
Q

Are receptors located presynaptically or postsynaptically?

A

both

44
Q

agonists

A

agent which bind to receptors

45
Q

antagonists

A

agents which block receptors + prevent agonists binding to their respective receptors

46
Q

What are the 2 classes of receptors?

A

1) ionotropic receptors

2) metabotropic receptors

47
Q

How do ionotropic receptors work?

A

form pores/channels for passing different ions between inside + outside of neuron

48
Q

Do ionotropic receptors mediate fast or slow synaptic neurotransmission?

A

fast

49
Q

What does the activation of metabotropic receptors lead to?

A

intracellular metabolic pathway signalling

50
Q

How do metabotropic receptors work?

A

binding of agonist to receptors initiates intracellular biochemical cascade which results in increase/decrease of other proteins/calcium levels which results in neuronal excitation

51
Q

Do metabotropic receptors mediate fast or slow synaptic neurotransmission?

A

slow

52
Q

Give an example of quaternary amines.

A

acetylcholine (ACh)

53
Q

Give an example of monoamines.

A

1) norepinephrine (NE)
2) epinephrine (adrenaline)
3) dopamine (DA)
4) serotonin
5) melatonin

54
Q

Give an example of amino acids.

A

1) gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
2) glutamate
3) glycine
4) histamine

55
Q

Give an example of opioid peptides.

A

1) met-enkephalin
2) leu-enkephalin
3) β-endorphin
4) dynorphin A

56
Q

Give an example of peptide hormones.

A

1) oxytocin
2) substance P
3) cholecystokinin (CCK)
4) vasopressin
5) neuropeptide Y (NPY)
6) hypothalamic releasing hormones

57
Q

Give an example of gases

A

1) nitric oxide

2) carbon monoxide

58
Q

What are types of small molecule neurotransmitters?

A

1) quaternary amines
2) monoamines
3) amino acids

59
Q

What are types of large molecule neurotransmitters?

A

1) opioid peptides
2) peptide hormones
3) gases

60
Q

Where does synthesis of larger neurotransmitter molecules occurs?

A

soma

61
Q

Where does synthesis of smaller neurotransmitter molecules occur?

A

axon terminal

62
Q

What are the steps of neurotransmitter synthesis?

A

1) synthesis of neurotransmitter molecules
2) action potential causes calcium to enter terminal
3) terminal releases neurotransmitter
4) termination of neurotransmitter occurs through breakdown by enzymes/reuptake by membrane transporters
5) neurotransmitter binds to receptors, opening ion channels

63
Q

glutamate

A

major excitatory neurotransmitter throughout nervous system

64
Q

How is glutamate synthesised?

A

1) glutamine converted to glutamate by enzyme glutaminase + packaged into synaptic vesicles for release
2) glutamate released from axon terminal, taken up by glia + converted back to glutamine + transported to axon terminal for conversion back to glutamate

65
Q

How does glutamate affect learning memory?

A

1) enhances memory

2) enhances cognition

66
Q

What can the dysregulation of glutamate activity lead to?

A

excessive excitability of neurons

67
Q

GABA

A

major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain

68
Q

What are the 3 classes of GABA receptors?

A

1) GABA-A
2) GABA-B
3) GABA-C

69
Q

Are GABA-A receptors ionotropic or metabotropic?

A

ionotropic

70
Q

Are GABA-B receptors ionotropic or metabotropic?

A

metabotropic

71
Q

What are amine neurotransmitters derived from?

A

aromatic amino acids

72
Q

How are amine neurotransmitters different to glutamate + GABA?

A

expressed only in select populations of neurons in specific brain regions

73
Q

What are the 4 dopamine pathways?

A

1) mesolimbic
2) mesocortical
3) nigrostriatal
4) tuberioinfundibular

74
Q

Where does the mesolimbic pathway project?

A

ventral tegmental area to ventral striatum

75
Q

Where does the mesocortical pathway project?

A

ventral tegmental area to prefrontal cortex

76
Q

Where does the nigrostriatal pathway project?

A

substantia nigra to dorsal striatum

77
Q

Where does the tuberioinfundibular pathway project?

A

hypothalamus to pituitary gland

78
Q

Where are the major dopamine nuclei?

A

1) substantia nigra
2) ventral tegmental area
3) hypothalamus

79
Q

How many dopamine receptors are there?

A

5

80
Q

Are dopamine receptors ionotropic or matabotropic?

A

metabotropic

81
Q

Are dopamine receptors inhibitory/excitatory?

A

both depending upon the G-proteins they are coupled with

82
Q

What is the role of dopamine in brain function?

A

1) motor coordination
2) motivation
3) reward seeking
4) cognition
5) nausea + vomiting
6) hormonal

83
Q

Where are norepinephrine producing neurons concentrated?

A

1) pons

2) medulla

84
Q

what system is norepinephrine released in?

A

sympathetic nervous system

85
Q

How is serotonin synthesised?

A

1) L-Tryptophan converted to 5-HTP

2) 5-HTP converted to serotonin

86
Q

Where are serotonin producing neurons concentrated?

A

raphe nuclei in the midbrain + pons

87
Q

What is the major noradrenergic nuclei?

A

locus coeruleus

88
Q

What are the classes of noradrenergic receptors?

A

1) alpha 1 + 2

2) beta 1 + 2 + 3

89
Q

Are noradrenergic receptors ionotropic or metabotropic?

A

metabotropic

90
Q

What is the role of noradrenaline in brain function?

A

1) arousal
2) memory + cognition
3) stress response

91
Q

What is the role of 5-HT in brain function?

A

diverse including sleep / pain / emotion

92
Q

How is acetylcholine synthesised?

A

acetyl CoA + choline

93
Q

What are neurons that contain acetylcholine called?

A

cholinergic

94
Q

Where are cholinergic neurons found?

A

1) basal forebrain
2) nucleus basalis
3) medial septal nucleus
4) nucleus of the diagonal band
5) pedunculopontine nucleus
6) laterodorsal tegmental nucleus

95
Q

Are nicotinic acetylcholine receptors ionotropic or metabotropic?

A

ionotropic

96
Q

Are muscarinic acetylcholine receptors ionotropic or metabotropic?

A

metabotropic

97
Q

What enzyme terminates the action of acetylcholine?

A

acetylcholinesterase

98
Q

What does acetylcholinesterase break acetylcholine down into?

A

acetate + choline

99
Q

What is the role of acetylcholine in brain function?

A

1) cognition
2) motor activity
3) mood

100
Q

reuptake

A

return of neurotransmitters to axon terminal through membrane transporters

101
Q

What generates a nerve impulse on the post-synaptic membrane?

A

neurotransmitter binding with receptor sites

102
Q

What neurotransmitter contributes to voluntary movement control?

A

dopamine

103
Q

What does dopamine deficiency lead to?

A

Parkinson’s disease

104
Q

What neurotransmitter plays a key role in reward pathways and is important in addictive disorders?

A

dopamine

105
Q

What neurotransmitter is primarily an inhibitory transmitter?

A

GABA

Introduction to Neuroscience and Pharmacology (6 decks)

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