Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Introduction to Neuroscience and Pharmacology > neurons > Flashcards

neurons Flashcards

1
Q

How many neurons are in the brain?

A

86 billion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the two neurite processes in the soma?

A

1) dendrites

2) axons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is responsible for gene expression, transcription + processing of RNA?

A

nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

neurons

A

specialised cells that convey sensory information into the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are mitochondria the site of?

A

1) cellular respiration

2) ATP production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the difference between microtubules located in axons + dendrites?

A

1) axons contain tau-bound microtubules

2) dendrites contain MAP2-bound molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Do axons have endoplasmic reticulum?

A

no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

axon

A

tail that extends from cell body + carries information to other locations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does the myelin sheath do?

A

supports axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

axon terminals

A

branches at the end of the axon that culminate in swellings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What do axon terminals contain?

A

neurotransmitters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What size is the cell body in mammals?

A

0.005 to 0.1 mm in diameter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What size are axons in mammals?

A

0.002 to 0.02 mm in diameter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

sensory neuron

A

carry information from body/outside world into brain + spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

multipolar neuron

A

dendrites that extend in several directions from cell body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What type of neurons are motor neurons?

A

multipolar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What type of neurons are sensory neurons?

A

unipolar/bipolar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

unipolar neuron

A

single short stalk from cell body that divides into two branches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

bipolar neuron

A

axon on one side of cell body + dendritic process on other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are motor + sensory neurons specialised for?

A

transmission over long distances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

interneurons

A

connect one neuron to another in same part of the brain/spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What do interneurons bridge between in the spinal cord?

A

sensory neurons + motor neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What do interneurons connect in the brain?

A

adjacent neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the most numerous type of neurons?

A

interneurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Where are motor neurons found?

A

throughout nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Where are unipolar sensory neurons found?

A

outside brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Where are bipolar sensory neurons found?

A

outside brain + spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Where are interneurons found?

A

brain + spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Where are interneurons found?

A

brain + spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is the cell membrane of a neuron made up of?

A

1) lipid (fat)

2) protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Are the heads of lipid molecules soluble?

A

yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

polarisation

A

difference in electrical charge between inside + outside of cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

voltage

A

difference in electrical charge between two points

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

resting potential

A

difference in charge between inside + outside of membrane of a neuron at rest

35
Q

What is the typical voltage of a neuron?

A

-70mV

36
Q

Why is there a resting potential?

A

unequal distribution of electrical charges on two sides of the membrane

37
Q

What ions does the fluid outside a neuron contain?

A

1) Na⁺

2) Cl⁻

38
Q

What ions does the inside of a neuron contain?

A

1) K⁺

2) A⁻

39
Q

Why is the resting potential of a neuron negative?

A

inside of the neuron has more negative ions than positive ions

40
Q

force of diffusion

A

ions move through membrane to the side where they are less concentrated

41
Q

electrostatic pressure

A

ions repelled from side that is similarly charged + attracted to side that is oppositely charged

42
Q

sodium-potassium pump

A

large protein molecules that move sodium ions through cell membrane to the outside + potassium ions inside

43
Q

sodium-potassium pump

A

large protein molecules that move sodium ions through cell membrane to the outside + potassium ions inside

44
Q

What is the exchange rate between sodium and potassium ions?

A

three sodium ions for every two potassium ions

45
Q

How do ion channels work?

A

pores in membrane formed by proteins gate the flow of ions between extracellular + intracellular fluids

46
Q

How are chemically gated channels opened?

A

ligand (neurotransmitters/hormones)

47
Q

How are electrically gated channels opened?

A

change in electrical potential of membrane

48
Q

How is a neuron stimulated?

A

1) inputs that arrive on dendrites/cell body

2) sensory receptor

49
Q

action potential

A

abrupt depolarisation of membrane that allows neuron to communicate over long distances

50
Q

action potential

A

abrupt depolarisation of membrane that allows neuron to communicate over long distances

51
Q

How long does action potential last?

A

1 millisecond

52
Q

Which ions participate in action potential?

A

ions in a very thin layer either side of the membrane

53
Q

graded potential

A

varies in magnitude with the strength of stimulus that produced it

54
Q

ungraded

A

all-or-none law, occurs at full strength or does not occur at all

55
Q

nondecremental

A

action potential travels down axon without decrease in size

56
Q

absolute refractory period

A

when sodium ion channels inactivated at the end of action potential + neuron cannot generate another impulse for a millisecond

57
Q

relative refractory period

A

when another action potential can be generated but only by a stronger-than-threshold stimulus

58
Q

relative refractory period

A

when another action potential can be generated but only by a stronger-than-threshold stimulus

59
Q

How many neural pathways does each neuron have?

A

1000-10,000

60
Q

What is the soma made up of?

A

1) cytosol
2) organelles
3) cytoplasm

61
Q

cytosol

A

watery fluid inside cell

62
Q

organelles

A

membrane-enclosed structures within soma

63
Q

cytoplasm

A

contents within cell membrane (organelles) excluding nucleus

64
Q

What is the nucleus responsible for?

A

1) gene expression
2) transcription
3) RNA processing

65
Q

What is the rough endoplasmic reticulum involved with?

A

1) protein production
2) folding
3) quality control
4) dispatch

66
Q

Why is the rough endoplasmic reticulum ‘rough’?

A

studded with ribosomes

67
Q

What is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum involved with?

A

production/metabolism of fats + steroids

68
Q

What is the golgi apparatus involved with?

A

1) delivery of proteins to different cell regions (trafficking)
2) regulating substances

69
Q

What is the mitochondria the site of?

A

cellular respiration

70
Q

What are ribosomes involved with?

A

protein biosynthesis

71
Q

What does the cytoskeleton provide?

A

internal scaffolding of neuronal membrane for cytoplasm

72
Q

What three bones hold the cytoskeleton in place?

A

1) microtubules
2) microfilaments
3) neurofilaments

73
Q

What are microtubules made from?

A

tubulin molecules

74
Q

What are microfilaments made from?

A

actin molecules

75
Q

What are the differences between the cytoplasm of the axon terminal and the axon?

A

1) presence of synaptic vesicles
2) abundance of membrane proteins
3) large number of mitochondria

76
Q

What is synaptic transmission dysfunction linked to?

A

mental disorders

77
Q

Where are the majority of synapses + receptors found?

A

dendrites

78
Q

central nervous system (CNS)

A

brain + spinal cord

79
Q

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

cranial + spinal nerves

80
Q

somatic nervous system (SNS)

A

skeletal muscles

81
Q

autonomic nervous system (ANS)

A

1) cardiac + smooth muscle

2) glands

82
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system split into?

A

1) parasympathetic nervous system

2) sympathetic nervous system

83
Q

How thick is the neuronal membrane?

A

5nm

84
Q

Does the protein concentration vary throughout the neuronal membrane?

A

yes

Introduction to Neuroscience and Pharmacology (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions