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Introduction to Neuroscience and Pharmacology > functional neuroanatomy of the cortex > Flashcards

functional neuroanatomy of the cortex Flashcards

1
Q

central nervous system

A

brain + spinal cord

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2
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

nerves that run throughout the body

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3
Q

What are the two divisions of the peripheral nervous system?

A

1) somatic nervous system

2) autonomic nervous system

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4
Q

What is the somatic nervous system associated with?

A

voluntary movement

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5
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system associated with?

A

involuntary control of automatic processes

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6
Q

What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

A

1) sympathetic nervous system

2) parasympathetic nervous system

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7
Q

What is the sympathetic nervous system associated with?

A

increasing energy

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8
Q

What is the parasympathetic nervous system associated with?

A

conserving energy

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9
Q

What processes does the sympathetic nervous system do?

A

1) increase heart rate
2) increase blood pressure
3) stimulate sweat glands

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10
Q

What processes does the parasympathetic nervous system do?

A

1) stimulate digestion
2) increase salivation
3) slow heart rate

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11
Q

What is the outer layer of the brain?

A

cerebral cortex

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12
Q

What are the four lobes of the brain?

A

1) frontal lobe
2) temporal lobe
3) parietal lobe
4) occipital lobe

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13
Q

neuron

A

single neural cell

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14
Q

nerve

A

bundle of axons running together

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15
Q

tracts (CNS)

A

bundle of axons running together

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16
Q

nucleus (CNS)

A

group of cell bodies

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17
Q

ganglion (PNS)

A

group of cell bodies

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18
Q

What are the two major structures of the forebrain?

A

1) thalamus

2) hypothalamus

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19
Q

Where does the highest-level processing occur in the brain?

A

cortex

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20
Q

longitudinal fissure

A

fissure that runs length of the brain + separates two cerebral hemispheres

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21
Q

convoluted

A

wrinkly appearance of the brain

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22
Q

gyrus

A

ridge on the brain

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23
Q

sulcus

A

groove/space between two gyri

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24
Q

fissure

A

large groove/space between two gyri

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25
grey matter
cell bodies of neurons
26
Why does grey matter (cortex) look grey?
cell bodies are not myelinated
27
How thick is the cortex?
1.5 - 4 mm
28
How many layers are there in the cortex?
six
29
anterior
toward the front
30
superior
above
31
Where is the frontal lobe?
anterior to central sulcus + superior to lateral fissure
32
motor cortex
controls voluntary movement
33
broca's area
controls speech production
34
prefrontal cortex
planning + organisation, impulse control, adjusting behaviour in response to rewards + punishments, decision-making
35
lobotomy
surgical procedure that disconnects prefrontal area from rest of the brain
36
psychosurgery
surgical intervention to treat cognitive + emotional disorders
37
Where are the parietal lobes located?
superior to the lateral fissure + between the central sulcus + occipital lobe
38
dorsal
toward the back
39
ventral
toward the stomach
40
inferior
below
41
lateral
toward the side
42
medial
middle
43
What plane divides the brain vertically side to side?
coronal plane
44
What plane divides the brain vertically in an anterior-posterior direction?
sagittal plane
45
What plane divides the brain between the top + bottom?
horizontal plane
46
Where is the visual cortex located?
occipital lobes
47
visual cortex
where visual information is processed
48
thalamus
receives information from all sensory systems except olfaction (smell) + relays it to respective cortical projection areas
49
hypothalamus
1) controls various homeostatic functions | 2) directs hormone secretions of the pituitary gland
50
corpus callosum
dense band of fibres that carry information between the hemispheres
51
What is the hindbrain made up of?
1) pons 2) medulla 3) cerebellum
52
medulla
involved with control of essential life processes
53
cerebellum
1) coordinates subconscious movements | 2) contributes to muscle tone, posture + balance
54
basal ganglia
1) helps coordinate slow, sustained movements | 2) suppresses useless patterns of movement
55
spinal cord
finger-sized cable of neurons that carries commands from brain to muscles + organs + sensory information into the brain
56
How do sensory neurons enter the spinal cord?
through dorsal root of each spinal nerve
57
How do the axons of motor neurons pass out of the spinal cord?
through the ventral root
58
reflex
automatic response to a sensory stimulus
59
meninges
three-layered membrane that encloses brain + spinal cord
60
What is the space between the meninges + CNS filled with?
cerebrospinal fluid
61
cerebral cortex
1) receives sensory information 2) sends messages to move skeletal muscles 3) integrates incoming + outgoing nerve impulses
62
brain stem
1) origin of many cranial nerves 2) reflex centre for movements of eyeballs, head, + trunk 3) regulates heartbeat + breathing 4) plays a role in consciousness
63
What is the main type of neuron found in the cortex?
pyramidal neuron
64
What do pyramidal neurons release?
glutamate
65
What do interneurons release?
GABA
66
What are the main regions of the limbic system?
1) amygdala 2) hippocampus 3) cingulate gyrus 4) fornix
67
cognition
mental processes including memory producing, understanding language, solving problems, making decisions
68
dementia
loss of cognitive ability
69
What type of disease is Alzheimer's disease?
neurodegenerative
70
neurdegenerative
neuronal death
71
What brain regions are affected by Alzheimer's disease?
1) hippocampus | 2) basal forebrain
72
What are the pathological features of Alzheimer's disease?
1) loss of neurons particularly acetylcholine 2) extracellular amyloid plaques (deposits of beta-amyloid protein) 3) intraneuronal neurofibrillary tangles (filaments of phosphorylated form of microtubule-associated protein, Tau)
73
What is a current therapeutic option for Alzheimer's disease?
replace acetylcholine by giving drugs which prevent the breakdown of acetylcholine
74
How are seizures caused?
large groups of neurons being active together/in synchrony + discharging in high frequency patterns
75
What condition is associated with the repeated occurrence of seizures?
epilepsy
76
What are the causes of epilepsy?
1) tumour 2) trauma 3) infection 4) vascular disease 5) unknown reasons
77
What are the 3 different types of epilepsy?
1) generalised 2) partial 3) absence
78
generalised
entire cerebral cortex, complete behaviour disruption, consciousness loss
79
partial
circumscribed cortex area, abnormal sensation/aura
80
absence
less than 30 seconds of generalised
81
What are the 3 main mechanisms of antiepileptic drugs?
1) reducing electrical excitability of cell membranes, mainly through use-dependent block of sodium channels 2) enhancing GABA-mediated synaptic inhibition by inhibiting GABA transaminase/GABA uptake into neurons + glia 3) inhibiting T-type calcium channels
82
What are drugs that block ionotropic glutamate receptors effective for use in?
animal models
83
What are the major antiepileptic drugs?
1) carbamazepine 2) phenytoin 3) valproate 4) ethosuximide 5) benzodiazepines
84
What is schizophrenia characterised by?
loss of contact with reality, disruption of thought/perception/mood/movement
85
What are the positive symptoms of schizophrenia?
1) delusions 2) hallucinations 3) disorganised speech 4) grossly disorganised/catatonic behaviour
86
What are the negative symptoms of schizophrenia?
1) reduced expression of emotion 2) poverty of speech 3) difficulty in initiating goal-directed movements 4) cognitive/memory impairment
87
cerebrovascular accident/stroke
sudden + severe loss of central nervous system function due to decreased blood flow to part of the brain

Introduction to Neuroscience and Pharmacology (6 decks)

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