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Introduction to Neuroscience and Pharmacology > functional neuroanatomy of the cortex > Flashcards

functional neuroanatomy of the cortex Flashcards

1
Q

central nervous system

A

brain + spinal cord

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2
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

nerves that run throughout the body

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3
Q

What are the two divisions of the peripheral nervous system?

A

1) somatic nervous system

2) autonomic nervous system

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4
Q

What is the somatic nervous system associated with?

A

voluntary movement

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5
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system associated with?

A

involuntary control of automatic processes

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6
Q

What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

A

1) sympathetic nervous system

2) parasympathetic nervous system

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7
Q

What is the sympathetic nervous system associated with?

A

increasing energy

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8
Q

What is the parasympathetic nervous system associated with?

A

conserving energy

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9
Q

What processes does the sympathetic nervous system do?

A

1) increase heart rate
2) increase blood pressure
3) stimulate sweat glands

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10
Q

What processes does the parasympathetic nervous system do?

A

1) stimulate digestion
2) increase salivation
3) slow heart rate

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11
Q

What is the outer layer of the brain?

A

cerebral cortex

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12
Q

What are the four lobes of the brain?

A

1) frontal lobe
2) temporal lobe
3) parietal lobe
4) occipital lobe

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13
Q

neuron

A

single neural cell

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14
Q

nerve

A

bundle of axons running together

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15
Q

tracts (CNS)

A

bundle of axons running together

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16
Q

nucleus (CNS)

A

group of cell bodies

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17
Q

ganglion (PNS)

A

group of cell bodies

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18
Q

What are the two major structures of the forebrain?

A

1) thalamus

2) hypothalamus

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19
Q

Where does the highest-level processing occur in the brain?

A

cortex

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20
Q

longitudinal fissure

A

fissure that runs length of the brain + separates two cerebral hemispheres

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21
Q

convoluted

A

wrinkly appearance of the brain

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22
Q

gyrus

A

ridge on the brain

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23
Q

sulcus

A

groove/space between two gyri

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24
Q

fissure

A

large groove/space between two gyri

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25
Q

grey matter

A

cell bodies of neurons

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26
Q

Why does grey matter (cortex) look grey?

A

cell bodies are not myelinated

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27
Q

How thick is the cortex?

A

1.5 - 4 mm

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28
Q

How many layers are there in the cortex?

A

six

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29
Q

anterior

A

toward the front

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30
Q

superior

A

above

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31
Q

Where is the frontal lobe?

A

anterior to central sulcus + superior to lateral fissure

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32
Q

motor cortex

A

controls voluntary movement

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33
Q

broca’s area

A

controls speech production

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34
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

planning + organisation, impulse control, adjusting behaviour in response to rewards + punishments, decision-making

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35
Q

lobotomy

A

surgical procedure that disconnects prefrontal area from rest of the brain

36
Q

psychosurgery

A

surgical intervention to treat cognitive + emotional disorders

37
Q

Where are the parietal lobes located?

A

superior to the lateral fissure + between the central sulcus + occipital lobe

38
Q

dorsal

A

toward the back

39
Q

ventral

A

toward the stomach

40
Q

inferior

A

below

41
Q

lateral

A

toward the side

42
Q

medial

A

middle

43
Q

What plane divides the brain vertically side to side?

A

coronal plane

44
Q

What plane divides the brain vertically in an anterior-posterior direction?

A

sagittal plane

45
Q

What plane divides the brain between the top + bottom?

A

horizontal plane

46
Q

Where is the visual cortex located?

A

occipital lobes

47
Q

visual cortex

A

where visual information is processed

48
Q

thalamus

A

receives information from all sensory systems except olfaction (smell) + relays it to respective cortical projection areas

49
Q

hypothalamus

A

1) controls various homeostatic functions

2) directs hormone secretions of the pituitary gland

50
Q

corpus callosum

A

dense band of fibres that carry information between the hemispheres

51
Q

What is the hindbrain made up of?

A

1) pons
2) medulla
3) cerebellum

52
Q

medulla

A

involved with control of essential life processes

53
Q

cerebellum

A

1) coordinates subconscious movements

2) contributes to muscle tone, posture + balance

54
Q

basal ganglia

A

1) helps coordinate slow, sustained movements

2) suppresses useless patterns of movement

55
Q

spinal cord

A

finger-sized cable of neurons that carries commands from brain to muscles + organs + sensory information into the brain

56
Q

How do sensory neurons enter the spinal cord?

A

through dorsal root of each spinal nerve

57
Q

How do the axons of motor neurons pass out of the spinal cord?

A

through the ventral root

58
Q

reflex

A

automatic response to a sensory stimulus

59
Q

meninges

A

three-layered membrane that encloses brain + spinal cord

60
Q

What is the space between the meninges + CNS filled with?

A

cerebrospinal fluid

61
Q

cerebral cortex

A

1) receives sensory information
2) sends messages to move skeletal muscles
3) integrates incoming + outgoing nerve impulses

62
Q

brain stem

A

1) origin of many cranial nerves
2) reflex centre for movements of eyeballs, head, + trunk
3) regulates heartbeat + breathing
4) plays a role in consciousness

63
Q

What is the main type of neuron found in the cortex?

A

pyramidal neuron

64
Q

What do pyramidal neurons release?

A

glutamate

65
Q

What do interneurons release?

A

GABA

66
Q

What are the main regions of the limbic system?

A

1) amygdala
2) hippocampus
3) cingulate gyrus
4) fornix

67
Q

cognition

A

mental processes including memory producing, understanding language, solving problems, making decisions

68
Q

dementia

A

loss of cognitive ability

69
Q

What type of disease is Alzheimer’s disease?

A

neurodegenerative

70
Q

neurdegenerative

A

neuronal death

71
Q

What brain regions are affected by Alzheimer’s disease?

A

1) hippocampus

2) basal forebrain

72
Q

What are the pathological features of Alzheimer’s disease?

A

1) loss of neurons particularly acetylcholine
2) extracellular amyloid plaques (deposits of beta-amyloid protein)
3) intraneuronal neurofibrillary tangles (filaments of phosphorylated form of microtubule-associated protein, Tau)

73
Q

What is a current therapeutic option for Alzheimer’s disease?

A

replace acetylcholine by giving drugs which prevent the breakdown of acetylcholine

74
Q

How are seizures caused?

A

large groups of neurons being active together/in synchrony + discharging in high frequency patterns

75
Q

What condition is associated with the repeated occurrence of seizures?

A

epilepsy

76
Q

What are the causes of epilepsy?

A

1) tumour
2) trauma
3) infection
4) vascular disease
5) unknown reasons

77
Q

What are the 3 different types of epilepsy?

A

1) generalised
2) partial
3) absence

78
Q

generalised

A

entire cerebral cortex, complete behaviour disruption, consciousness loss

79
Q

partial

A

circumscribed cortex area, abnormal sensation/aura

80
Q

absence

A

less than 30 seconds of generalised

81
Q

What are the 3 main mechanisms of antiepileptic drugs?

A

1) reducing electrical excitability of cell membranes, mainly through use-dependent block of sodium channels
2) enhancing GABA-mediated synaptic inhibition by inhibiting GABA transaminase/GABA uptake into neurons + glia
3) inhibiting T-type calcium channels

82
Q

What are drugs that block ionotropic glutamate receptors effective for use in?

A

animal models

83
Q

What are the major antiepileptic drugs?

A

1) carbamazepine
2) phenytoin
3) valproate
4) ethosuximide
5) benzodiazepines

84
Q

What is schizophrenia characterised by?

A

loss of contact with reality, disruption of thought/perception/mood/movement

85
Q

What are the positive symptoms of schizophrenia?

A

1) delusions
2) hallucinations
3) disorganised speech
4) grossly disorganised/catatonic behaviour

86
Q

What are the negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

A

1) reduced expression of emotion
2) poverty of speech
3) difficulty in initiating goal-directed movements
4) cognitive/memory impairment

87
Q

cerebrovascular accident/stroke

A

sudden + severe loss of central nervous system function due to decreased blood flow to part of the brain

Introduction to Neuroscience and Pharmacology (6 decks)

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