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Introduction to Neuroscience and Pharmacology > glia > Flashcards

glia Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four types of neuroglia in the central nervous system?

A

1) astrocytes
2) oligodendrocytes
3) microglia
4) ependyma

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2
Q

What are the three types of neuroglia in the peripheral nervous system?

A

1) schwann cells
2) satellite cells
3) enteric glia

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3
Q

What are neuroglia essential for?

A

support + nutrition of neurons

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4
Q

astrocytes

A

multiple neuron supporting functions

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5
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

form myelin

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6
Q

microglia

A

1) phagocytic

2) immune cells

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7
Q

ependyma

A

line ventricles

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8
Q

What are the two types of schwann cells?

A

1) myelinating schwann cells

2) non-myelinating schwann cells

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9
Q

satellite cells

A

astrocyte-like functions in peripheral nervous system ganglia

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10
Q

enteric glia

A

astrocyte-like functions in the gastrointestinal tract

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11
Q

enteric glia

A

astrocyte-like functions in the gastrointestinal tract

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12
Q

What does the blood-brain barrier do?

A

protects brain from harmful substances in blood

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13
Q

What is the blood-brain barrier?

A

endothelial cells connected by tight junctions + surrounded by astrocyte processes

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14
Q

Why is the central nervous system immune priveliged?

A

BBB prevents peripheral (systemic) immune cells from crossing body’s circulation into brain

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15
Q

What type of neuroglia senses damage in the central nervous system?

A

microglia

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16
Q

How do microglia become activated?

A

1) microglia continuously sampling environment
2) microglia detect damage + respond rapidly
3) regain macrophage-like status
4) regain immune functions
5) become phagocytic

17
Q

What is the ratio of schwann cells to axons?

A

1:1

18
Q

What is the ratio of oligodendrocytes to axons?

A

1:20-30

19
Q

What is the ratio of oligodendrocytes to axons?

A

1:20-30

20
Q

What is myelin made up of?

A

multiple layers of cell membrane (phospholipid bilayers)

21
Q

What are consecutive myelin sheaths separated by?

A

nodes of ranvier

22
Q

white matter

A

bundles of myelinated axons interconnecting brain regions

23
Q

demyelination

A

loss of myelin

24
Q

What does loss of myelin lead to?

A

axonal conduction block + degeneration

25
Q

What types of neuroglia are demyelinating diseases associated with?

A

1) oligodendrocytes

2) schwann cells

26
Q

Why are astrocytes multifunctional?

A

specialised morphological + physiological features

27
Q

What intermediate filament do astrocytes express?

A

glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)

28
Q

What do astrocytes connect?

A

neurons + blood vessels

29
Q

What is the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain?

A

glutamate

30
Q

glutamate-glutamine shuttle

A

1) astrocytes take up glutamate released at synapse
2) astrocytes convert glutamate to glutamine
3) release glutamine
4) taken up by presynaptic terminal
5) converted back to glutamate

31
Q

What does a high level of glutamate cause?

A

excitotoxicity

32
Q

excitotoxicity

A

destruction of neurons

33
Q

What ions do astrocytes take up during action potentials?

A

potassium, K⁺

34
Q

astrocyte-neuron lactate shuttle

A

1) astrocytes store glucose as glycogen
2) convert it to lactate when neurons need energy
3) release lactate for neurons

35
Q

Can nerves regenerate in the PNS?

A

yes

36
Q

Can nerves regenerate in the CNS?

A

no

37
Q

regeneration

A

1) schwann cells form regeneration tube

2) guides + stimulates regrowth of axon

38
Q

What are the main functions of glia?

A

1) regulation of extracellular potassium
2) uptake of glutamate
3) injury responses
4) immune functions
5) myelination

39
Q

How does myelin increase speed of conduction in nerves?

A

provides electrical insulation

Introduction to Neuroscience and Pharmacology (6 decks)

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